National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, You can also search for this author in Portland cement subjected to rigid tests replaced mud mortar. which caused irreparable damage to human structures. Nepal saw the extensive damage in half of its part including capital; whereas in India only a small northern part, Bihar, was affected. The study reported that the recovery was faster . 1939) that described its effects in India in detail but which contains scant information on the effects above the rupture area north of the Nepal border. Geophys. Rana, B. S. (2013). The lion at the head of the Asoka pillar at Lauriya in Champaran District had shifted on its axis in an anti-clockwise direction. Their most famous difference and debate was in 1934 when Gandhi was reported in the press to have made a statement following the devastating Bihar earthquake of 1934: "I want you to be superstitious enough to believe with me that the earthquake is a divine chastisement for the great sin we have committed against those whom we describe as Harijans". Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D. K., Pierce, I. K., Reddy, T., Angster, S., & Giri, B. Brett,W.B. 15 Feb, 2021, 11.19 PM IST. Revolutions happen, The two atomic bombings from Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August, America is no stranger to the devastating impact a political, Timeline: 1 May 1960: An American U-2 spy plane being, During World War I prices in Germany had doubled, but, The fiasco of the Afghan presidential election of 2009 is, On February 20th, President Vladimir Putin released a warning to the West over Ukraine, by, Do you know how to protect yourself in case of an earthquake? The great 1934 Himalayan earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 generated a large zone of ground failure and liquefaction in north Bihar, India, in addition to the earthquakes of 1833 (Mw ~7.7) and. Burrard S 1934 Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15, 1934; Nature(London) 133 582-583. PubMedGoogle Scholar. 4. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D., Pierce, I. K., Karki, A., & Gautam, D. (2017a). 1a, b) and PGA-European Macroseismic Scale (EMS, Grnthal 1998) relation. The extent of damage in areas not visited by the foreigners did not recognize these facts. To his credit Mr. Salim has more than 400 published articles on history, politics, culture and literature in English and Hindi. 159(1) 165-206, doi:10.1111/J.1365-246X.2004.02323. Journal of Geophysical Research, 82, 29452969. News from the country was available only next morning, showing that Patna, Monghyr and Jamalpur had suffered severely. Peculiarly enough the damages were more in the part of the town to the north of the Railway station. The above estimation of epicentre is based on teleseismic observations. As this earthquake occurred in the early afternoon, when most people were outdoors, only 12,000 people were killed. (2016). Sometime between fifty-five and forty million years ago, the Indian Plate collided with Eurasia near what is now the Indus River Valley. Its unpredictable nature can cause multiple hazards such as ground motion, ground shaking, site effects, ground displacement, fire, . (M 6.9) In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. The task of reconstruction running into crores of rupees, supplemented with Government and charitable grants put large sums under the pockets of the poor. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. Burrard, S. (1934). Overall, lesser casualties were there due to majority of temporary type construction of bamboos in Terai Belt. Journal of Earth System Science. When we look back in to history and find these types of deadly incidents will really make me feel bad. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. About two hundred million years ago an ocean separated India from the rest of Eurasia. Even in Bihar province, affected parts were northern and central areas. In a speech in Bihar Gandhi attributed the suffering, damage and the loss of life incurred in the earthquake to divine chastisement for India's failure to eradicate the concept of the caste of untouchables. 1.Bihar Earthquake, 1934 This quake is considered to be one of the worst quakes in Indian history. Seeber L and Armbruster J G 1981 Great detachment earthquakes along the Himalayan arc and long-term forecasting; In: Earthquake Prediction - an International Review (eds) Simpson D W and Richards P G, Maurice Ewing Series, Am. Great pending himalaya earthquakes. Res. Some houses are made by entirely made of brick, and others have reinforced concrete frames and brick infill. Officers of the Geological Survey of India officers compiled a memoir on the earthquake (Dunn et al. But the study of distribution and the various causes of damage showed that if faults ruptured in northern India, then the locations of such faults are not verified by the distribution of intensity observed. Presently, he works as a freelance/ independent history researcher, writer and works at www.awazthevoice.in, On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the, took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. Large paleoearthquake timing and displacement near Damak in eastern Nepal on the Himalayan frontal thrust. Thus much of the damage in northern India was not due to high ground acceleration there but rather due to surface disruption of the earths surfacial layers. ), Historical disaster experiences, transcultural researchHeidelberg studies on Asia and Europe in a global context (p. 241266). Avouac J P 2003 Mountain Building, Erosion, and the Seismic Cycle in the Nepal Himalaya; Adv. Bomford, G. (1937). The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. Earthquake Intensity of I-X was assigned to parts of the valley and I-IX at rest of the valley. Paleoseismic evidence of a giant medieval earthquake in the eastern himalaya. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S. G., Rockwell, T. K., Ragona, D., Thakur, V. C., & Seitz, G. G. (2001). The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period about 10,000 persons were killed and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. Primary surface ruptures of the great himalayan earthquakes in 1934 and 1255. The epicentre of the earthquake was located in eastern Nepal. Sci. In our field survey, 46 % of buildings were totally collapsed and 16 % were partially collapsed. You can also search for this author in The flood problems of North Bihar not only justify but have made the Waterways Division extremely important to regulate and conduct the flood policy of the Government of Bihar. Zones have been categorized as extensively damaged, Highly damaged & Least damaged zones.) Bomford G 1937 Leveling in Bengal and Bihar 93-97. The area west of Kathmandu has not ruptured in the last three hundred years and stands out as a potential site for future great Himalayan earthquakes. Bhaktapur also saw massive destruction but less than these five villages. This 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred on 15 January 1934 at around 2:13pm IST (08:43 UTC) and caused widespread damage in northern Bihar and in Nepal. Geol. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. The great Earthquake in Nepal (First Published as Nepal Ko Maha Bhukampa in Nepali in 1934; Translated to English from the 2nd Nepali Edition (1935) by Kesar Lall). (2013). The 1833 earthquake that arrived on August 26, 1833, was felt over a large part of northern India. Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes. This quake took place in January, but the intensity was very high, with a magnitude. The agricultural field was covered in knee-deep mud following the 1934 Bihar earthquake. [11] Rabindranath Tagore took offence to the irrationality in his statement and accused Gandhi of superstition, even though he was totally in agreement with Gandhi on the issue of untouchability. The human casualty in Monghyr was very severe. Kathmandu valley was severely damaged in that earthquake. Bettinelli P, Avouac J-P, Flouzat M, Jouanne F, Bollinger L, Willis P and Chitrakar G R 2006 Plate motion of India and interseismic strain in the Nepal Himalaya from GPS and DORIS measurements; J. Geod. Nature (London), 582583. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. Princeton University Press. M8.7 Assam earthquake, 1905 M8.6 Kangra earthquake, 1934 M8.4 Bihar-Nepal earthquake and the 1950 M8.6 Assam-Tibet earthquake. Darbhanga and Laheriasarai had similar damages and the buildings belonging to the Darbhanga Raj were very badly affected. Floods were there in the rivers carrying dirty waters. Gutenberg, B., & Richter, C. F. (1954). A catalog of felt intensity data for 589 earthquakes in India, 16362008. The towns of Munger and Muzaffarpur were completely destroyed. PNAS, 117, 1761517621. Observers have noticed that there were two stages in the Earthquake with a lull for a few seconds and that the damage was more caused in the second stage. Site response of the Ganges basin inferred from re-evaluated macroseismic observations from theM8.1 Shillong 1897, M7.8 Kangra 1905 and 1934Nepal M 8.1 earthquakes. Devastatingdisasters.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Mem. 6 85-98. Nepal 5 22-44. the Kinnaur earthquake (1975), Dharam . the locking line of Feldl and Bilham (2006). A brief report has also been written by Mr. N. Nasu (Bull. News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. Great detachment earthquakes along the himalayan arc and long-term forecasting. The earthquake shocks of magnitude 5 to 6 have been recorded in the Garhwal region in 1803, 1809, 1816, 1966, New quake hits Turkey, toppling more buildings: 1 killed Officials say a magnitude 5.6 earthquake shook southern Turkey causing some damaged buildings to collapse and killing at least one person Feb. 25, 2023, 9:00 AM ET (AP) Turkey launches investigation into 612 people after quake Roads and lands were fissured out at many places with emergence of water & sands too. The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. The results indicated that there had been no marked increase either in the transfer of land or in borrowing money accepting among the improvident aboriginals of Monghyr and Bhagalpur districts. 5 US States Most Likely to Get Hit by Natural Disasters, 4 US Airports With The Worst Passenger Experience, 12 Insane Weapons You Can Legally Own in Most States. Powers P M, Lillie R J and Yeats R S 1998 Structure and shortening of the Kangra and Dehra Dun reentrants, sub-Himalaya, India; Geol. This innovation has lead to decrease the effect of earthquake on a building and is evaluated . Nandy D R, Choudhury A K, Chakraborty C and Narula P L 1993 Geological Survey of India, Bihar-Nepal earthquake, August 20, 1988; Spec. Seismological Research Letters, XX, 19. The earthquake took place on January 15 around two o'clock in the afternoon and cause widespread damage. The mechanism was a shallow thrust its rupture location is not well constrained. Jorganesh Press. affected during this earthquake. Areas like Birgunj, Biratnagar and Mahottari also suffered significant damage. Northern part of Kathmandu including Budhanilkantha, Sundarijal, Gaucharan was found relatively safe and suffered only minimum damage. Copyright 2023 Devastating Disasters.com | Powered by, Bihar Earthquake India January 15, 1934. [5] Extensive liquefaction of the ground took place over a length of 300km (called the slump belt) during the earthquake, in which many structures went afloat. The 1934 Nepal-Bihar Earthquake. Geological observations on large earthquakes along the himalayan frontal fault near Kathmandu. It was felt in northern India, where additional deaths and damage were reported. The clock in the tower of the Secretariat stopped at 2.16 p.m. : , . The next crops in the affected areas were not bad. The great Indian Earthquake of January 15, 1934. Journal of Seismology, 20, 733745. Geophysical Journal International, 159, 165206. The case studies give information on the structural aspect and causes of failure. Glorious Sacrifices of Bihar during Quit India Movement 1942 : In Numbers. Today, over 60% of the country lies in the three higher seismic zones (III, IV and V of Indian Seismic Code (e.g. Kathmandu: "Historic Earthquakes Bihar, India Nepal", "Challenges of Low-to-Moderate Seismicity in India", "When Tagore accused Gandhi of superstition", "Suggesting religious reasons for quakes isn't new: Mahatma Gandhi did that in 1934", "Freedom Fighter Dr Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi remembered on Republic Day", " : ! Focu s here is on the central Himalayan segment between the 1905 and the 1934 ruptures, where previous studies have identi ed a great earthquake between thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. Around 4.300 people died and roughly 20% of all buildings were destroyed and another 40% got damaged. Bollinger, L., Sapkota, S. N., Tapponnier, P., Klinger, Y., Rizza, M., Van Der Woerd, J., Tiwari, D. R., Pandey, R., Bitri, A., & Bes de Berc, S. (2014). Yeats, R. S., & Thakur, V. C. (2008). Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 5, 2244. The reason for this was partly due to its misleading early instrumental location, partly due to the sedimentary basin amplification of seismic waves south of the then assumed epicenter which resulted in massive damage near the Ganges, and partly due to the exclusion of foreigners from Nepal (1815 to 1950) which lead to much of the damage in Nepal not being recognized. It was the most devastating calamity since the 1934 Nepal-Bihar earthquake. The loss to human lives was considered to be fortunately less as the epicentral tract was away from, the larger towns. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The continuing northward motion of India at the rate of about four centimeters per year has created wide-spread deformation, giving rise to the worlds highest mountains. A brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the old town was also fractured. 4 259-277. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S., Rockwell, T. K., Briggs, R. W., Thakur, V. C., & Jayangondaperumal, R. (2006). Approximately 10,500 deaths are reported for the earthquake, but the true death toll in Nepal is unknown. Most of the roads were fissured with fissured depth even upto 13-15 feet and for considerable length. All the kutcha (ramshackle) buildings collapsed, while other pukka (solidly built) buildings suffered damage due to sinking and cracking of the ground.[5]. gave employment to the labouring classes while the excellence of the Rabi crops in the flooded areas compensated the common cultivator for the loss of his badhai harvest. Almeida, V., Hubbard, J., Liberty, L., Foster, A., & Sapkota, S. N. (2018). Geodetic Branch Survey of India (p. 97). Also, the strong emphasis on the destruction in India left the impression that epicenter of 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake laid not within the Himalaya but south of the range, in the plains of India. January 1934 earthquake in India andNepal. The flood may result due to damage caused to the dams. 3. Also, the length of rupture zone along east-west had been estimated as 200 100 Km. Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa, Patna, 1935. The earthquake was so severe that in Kolkata, around 650km (404mi) from epicenter, many buildings were damaged and the tower of St. Paul's Cathedral collapsed. Zones like Dharan, Sindhuli, Udayapur and Bhojpur were severely damaged. The great 1934 Himalayan earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 generated a large zone of ground failure and liquefaction in north Bihar, India, in addition to the earthquakes of 1833 (Mw. 4, pp. Nepals only international airport would be inaccessible. Did Trump Ruin America for Good? 13,414 buildings were severely damaged and 11,604 buildings were completely destroyed. 3.3 BIHAR - NEPAL EARTHQUAKE OF 1934 This 8.4 magnitude earthquake occurred on January 15, 1934 at around 2:13 PM and caused wide-spread damage in the northern Bihar and in Nepal (GSI, 1939). Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, 119(9), 71237163. Large cracks appeared in the ground and several roads were damaged in Kathmandu; however, the temple of Pashupatinath, the guardian deity of Nepal, escaped any damage. 1934 Mw 8.1 Bihar/Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934, Wu F, Sheehan A, Huang G C and Monsalve G 2003 Source mechanisms, seismicity, and velocity structures in the Himalayan region; Indo-US Workshop on Seismicity and Geodynamics 49 Hyderabad, Journal of Earth System Science. A. Dunn and three assistants were sent to the areas chiefly affected. Nasu, N. (1935). Rizza, M., Bollinger, L., Sapkota, S. N., Tapponnier, P., Klinger, Y., Karaka, ., et al. Recovered bench-marks measured along the 550-km-long leveling line between 84 deg E and 88 deg E subside by as much as 1.1m near points that have subsided by less than 0.2m, and hence the data are considered more a measure of sediment slumping and liquefaction than a measure of earthquake-related footwall subsidence (Bilham et al 1998). The human casualty in Monghyr was very severe. Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu, Nepal (136 p). Saquib Salim is a well known historian under whose supervision various museums (Red Fort, National Library, IFFI, Jallianwala Bagh etc.) The chowk hat of Monghyr town had a most gruesome spectacle and scarcely a building or wall was left standing. The problem of the permanent drainage of the area was sought to be tackled by this Division and they had the rich material of the work of the Survey of India who had run flying levels over the areas. The variation of damage in and near the Kathmandu valley and the lack of severe damage to structures built on bedrock suggest that Kathmandu might not have been the epicentral area of the earthquake. Wesnousky, S. G. (2020). [7] In Jharia the earthquake led to further spread of underground fire. Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent; the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934 and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935. B. Rana (1935) indicates that severe shaking occurred in eastern Nepal. Based on these evidences, it was concluded that the rupture zone; hypocenter and thereby the epicenter laid beneath the lesser Himalayas and not beneath the plains of northern India. In Balaju and Sankhamul area of Kathmandu, roads even subsided by 2-3 feet. A.. 74(3) 213-229. Tilting and slumping of the houses were entirely absent. Steven Ward is a Research Geophysicist at CrossRef Fortunately, the floods following after some time were not very severe in the districts affected by the Earthquake. Feldl N and Bilham R 2006 Great Himalayan Earthquakes and the Tibetan Plateau; Nature 444 165-170, doi:10.1038/nature05199. 79 1237-1250. L. Fermor. Mishra, R. L., Singh, I., Pandey, A., Rao, P. S., Sahoo, H. K., & Jayangondaperumal, R. (2016). India Geol. The post earthquake reconstruction of roads, buildings, bridges, etc. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasato Mumbai, and from Assamto Punjab. A glaring example of distortion was seen in the screw pile bridge at Champanagar where the central piles moved south, downstream, as much as 7 feet 8 inches but remained more or less vertical. The 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake had a magnitude of 8.1 and caused 12,000 deaths in Nepal and India combined. An appraisal of damage by Pandey and Molnar (1988) based on a translation of a contemporary damage published in Nepali by Major Brahma Sumsher J. [12][13] In Bihar, Sri Babu (Shri Krishna Sinha) and the other great leader Anugrah Babu (Anugrah Narayan Sinha), threw themselves into relief work. Another important result of the Earthquake was the creation of the Waterways Division in Bihar. The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. Everest. [5], A particular phenomenon of the earthquake was that sand and water vents appeared throughout the central vents of the earthquake area. 1st English edition. India As of 27 April 2015 at 4:14 p.m., Indian Home Minister Rajnath Singh,confirmed that56 people died in the state of Bihar,12 in Uttar Pradesh,3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan. 3. The High Court and the Government House were damaged severely. An outbreak of fire and spilling of hazardous chemicals. The following entry is based on summaries found in Bilham et al (1998; 2001) and Hough & Bilham,(2008). Several factors combined to make Saturday's earthquake in Nepal such a devastating event. Seeber, L., & Armbruster, J. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepal's History. Fault rupture within the Himalaya belt was presumed; which was further substantiated by the relocated epicenter within the zone of highest intensit by Chen & Molnar; agreed with this view. generally referred to as the Chamoli earthquake. [9], The number of deaths was 10,70012,000[4][2] with 7,253 recorded in Bihar. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). Bashyal, R. P. (1998). Sun 26 Apr 2015 04.56 EDT. ; epicenter of the earthquake was supposed to lie within the plains of Northern India : Bihar. Bihar is located in the high seismic zone that falls on the boundary of the tectonic plate joining the Himalayan tectonic plate near the Bihar-Nepal Border and has six sub-surface fault lines moving towards the Gangetic planes in four directions. This illustrates the large temporal change in potential seismic risks in a few years. The 1934 Bihar earthquake created knee-deep mud on the agricultural field. The epicenter was in the vicinity of the large Bihar-Nepal earthquakes of 1833 (magnitude 7.0-7.5) and 1934 (magnitude 8.4). Be one of the valley primary surface ruptures of the valley EMS, Grnthal )..., 16362008, the length of rupture zone along east-west had been estimated as 200 100 Km in Nepal unknown., Hubbard, J., Liberty, L., Foster, A. &... In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and 1950... 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