The 2011 peer-reviewed studies found that women with psychotic denial of pregnancy may also suffer from mental diseases such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. The causes, symptoms, and indicators of a cryptic pregnancy are discussed in this article. There are many factors that may be responsible for cryptic pregnancy. Vomiting, heartburn, and bloating? Cryptic pregnancies are most prevalent among women with a history of However, in most cases, women become aware within 20 weeks or so. According to anecdotal evidence, cryptic pregnancy lasts longer than regular pregnancies. A blood test is the most precise and accurate test available. Doctors categorize most cryptic pregnancies as psychotic or nonpsychotic. Can You be Pregnant for Years Cryptic Pregnancy? Therefore, pregnancy management during cryptic pregnancy is something that is difficult to do. BMJ Case Reports. Certain medications that have an impact on pregnancy test outcomes include: Pregnancy test sensitivity can vary from test to test, and some brands are less accurate than others. If you are under tremendous stress, your body will have high levels of stress hormones. There can be significant trauma for the mother. Cryptic pregnancies aren't rare. Alleviating stress in the mother can also be helpful in avoiding stress on the baby. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Unless this is not the couples first baby, its highly unlikely they have a nursery, a crib, or any other essentials for an infant child. Several types of psychological, and hormonal reasons can be the cause of cryptic pregnancy. Plus, using any form of birth control can convince a woman there is no chance she could be pregnant. Medical Hypotheses 68(2): 250-258. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306987706005548?via%3Dihub [Accessed February 2021], Jenkins A et al. What is a Cryptic Pregnancy and What Causes it? If your periods are irregular, it may be difficult to tell if you have missed a period. For instance, the placenta is in the front of the uterus when it is placed anteriorly. According to medical professionals, women who consistently deny their pregnancies become aware of them in the third trimester and choose not to seek medical care. Despite being rare and misunderstood, cryptic pregnancy is a true disorder. Many people think someone cant be pregnant without knowing it. Common medical diagnostic techniques could miss the pregnancy. We've all heard of those stories of women who given birth without knowing they were even pregnant, but did you know this is what's known as a cryptic pregnancy? Weve all heard stories about someone who didnt realize they were pregnant for months. A home pregnancy test works by detecting the amount of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the urine, producing either a positive or a negative result. If they have pregnancy symptoms, they may assign them to their mental illness rather than a pregnancy. Nonpsychotic denial in women is characterized by a healthy sense of reality and a lack of a history of mental illness. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. How Early Signs Of Pregnancy Show Up: Top 10 Early Symptoms, Ectopic Pregnancy on Ultrasound: Diagnosis and Treatment, Importance of Acknowledgement in Relationships, Your email address will not be published. If there are signs of menopause then it is very likely that pregnancy symptoms will not show up. A new parent's mental health might also be affected by cryptic pregnancy, especially if they aren't prepared for a baby, which can lead to child abuse or neglect, disassociation from the baby, depression, and other signs of psychological distress. Some women don't have super regular cycles to begin with, so for them, Kirkham says, they could see a little bit of spotting, which can happen in early pregnancy, and think, Oh, that's my period. Even fetal movementthose first kicks that are usually experienced between 16 and 24 weeks of pregnancycan be very subtle for some people and mistaken for cramps or indigestion, says Kirkham. Combined with the common causes of cryptic pregnancy, this line of reasoning is how many people can go months without knowing theyre pregnant. Learn more about: Cookie Policy, Cryptic Pregnancy : 11 Shocking Causes, Symptoms and More. Its important to note that giving birth, being athletic, having PCOS, or experiencing very irregular periods can also have an impact on your hCG levels and produce a negative pregnancy test. 1.1) Absence of Pregnant Symptoms: 1.2) Irregular Menstrual Cycle: 1.3) Intermittent Spotting: 1.4) Age and Fertility: 1.5) Pregnancy tests and even ultrasounds may come back negative if youre going through a cryptic pregnancy. There are so many baby things to buy before birth that not only cost a pretty penny but take time to install and set up in the home. Like this post? If you get a negative test but still believe you're pregnant, wait a few days before trying again. As a result, normal pregnancy symptoms such as exhaustion, nausea and vomiting, missed periods, or abdominal swelling may not occur, or the woman might assume that these symptoms are due to something else as she didnt think of pregnancy as a possibility due to the reasons below. A couple who is wholly unprepared for parenthood might find themselves facing some very difficult decisions if they find themselves in this situation. It sounds queer, but this is a reality. As the pregnancy hormone levels rise and the pregnancy progresses, a test can be falsely negative just because the levels are too high for the test to work properly. Signs of Cryptic Pregnancy. Cryptic pregnancy, also known as unknown pregnancy, is when a pregnant person is unaware they are expecting. An error on the part of the ultrasound technician. For instance, many dismissed nausea and vomiting of gestation as indigestion or missed periods as an abnormal menstrual cycle. The sensation of the baby moving can be dismissed as indigestion, gas, or other stomach problems. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. In medical terms, it is called cryptic pregnancy. PCOS can lead to hormonal imbalances that interfere with ovulation. Some common symptoms include: A feeling of fatigue. She should consult a physician and ask for blood tests if the result is still unfavorable. birth control pills early menopause and stress. Cryptic pregnancy is a condition in which a woman does not realise she is pregnant until very late into the pregnancy. Some of the astonishing causes of cryptic pregnancy are polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), recent pregnancy, low body fat. We believe you should always know the source of the information you're seeing. If youve ever watched an episode of I Didnt Know I Was Pregnant, then you already know the definition of cryptic pregnancy. Or there can be financial instability, immigration consequences and trouble at work or school. There can even be religious or cultural taboos or legal obstacles to a full spectrum of reproductive care that come into play. As a result, they dont take note of a missed period and fail to see it as anything unusual. 2019 Parenting Healthy Babies Information on this website is for education purpose only. If a pregnant person is unaware that they're pregnant, that means that some, if not all, of the standard prenatal care hasn't happened. The sensitivity of the at-home urine pregnancy test should be disclosed on the packaging. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. According to research, infants born during stealth pregnancy may be more likely to be underweight than an average birth weight baby and may be born early. A negative test result, on the other hand, is less dependable. They can organise an ultrasound scan to check. Vomiting and nausea. The perinatal outcome of pregnancy without prenatal care. 12 Characteristics Of And Facts About January Babies, Jesus, Mommy, and Me: A 30-Day Devotional for Moms and Kids, Pumping Mom Academy: More Milk, Less Stress. Rarely do cryptic pregnancies occur. Contractions that feel like severe cramps are common while your cervix stretches to allow you to birth the baby. 2011. A person wont receive the prenatal care required for a safe and healthy pregnancy if they are unaware that they are pregnant. "So there may be a relationship with people who have false negative pregnancy tests (especially early on) and people who have few or no pregnancy symptoms, as both could be caused by low hCG levels." This has the capacity to create a hormonal imbalance. By definition, a cryptic pregnancy is when a pregnancy is not detected. "Depending on how the fetus is positioned in the womb, its growth rate, and body weight distributions, women experiencing cryptic pregnancies may not show prominent baby bumps," says Dr. Boyer. Her favorite gig of all is being "Mama Karen" to four grown children and "Nana" to nine grandkids. Denial of pregnancy - a literature review and discussion of ethical and legal issues. However, continued use of birth VAT no 918 5617 01, H Bauer Publishing are authorised and regulated for credit broking by the FCA (Ref No. It's possible that they're ambiguous enough that they're easily disregarded or mistaken for something else. If you're having trouble, be sure to reach out to others for support. What to Know About Lightning Crotch Pain During Pregnancy. It is important to follow the instructions properly. A person could not be aware that they are in labor if cryptic pregnancy continues right up until the moment of delivery. 8 Best Tips, 3 Amazing Reasons That Explain Why Do Dogs Sleep At Your Feet, How to Have a Sexual Dream : 5 Healthy and Positive Ways, What are the Signs a Broken Bone is Healing? Medical professionals are more likely to identify pregnancy as the cryptic pregnancy develops. "While we always say that you can get pregnant again before you see that first period, it may not be on their mind that this could happen. Likewise, those who are perimenopausal, in their mid-to-late 40s, start having skipped periods and don't ovulate all the time. A woman should test her pee again in a few days if she thinks she is pregnant, but the test results are negative. According to Stammers and Long, around 1 in 475 births is as a result of stealth pregnancy. Look for a second opinion if needed and dont be afraid to discuss your concerns openly with your healthcare provider. At the same time, being unaware of ones pregnancy may raise the likelihood of premature birth. Denial of pregnancy: Characteristics of women at risk. You wont get the medical attention you and your unborn child need if you dont realize youre pregnant. Cryptic pregnancy is exactly what it sounds like a seemingly mysterious pregnancy that goes unnoticed right up until labor begins. Medical conditions like polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one such factor. Keep in mind that resources are available if youre struggling or feel like you simply cannot manage to be pregnant. The woman may be on contraceptives or having safe sex with her partner making her believe it is safe because of the measures undertaken. Copyright 2023 St. Joseph Communications. Conditions linked with cryptic pregnancy include: 1. Often, cryptic pregnancy occurs because the pregnant person has either very mild or no symptoms of pregnancy. "This type of pregnancy is a rare condition," says Daniel Boyer, M.D., a practicing physician with a focus on medical research at the Farr Institute. Cryptic pregnancy can be dangerous because it often means a lack of prenatal care and can lead to an unattended birth. This causes negative urine and blood pregnancy tests. The production of estrogen is controlled by the pituitary gland, but it is produced in the placenta, the organ that appears during pregnancy and disappears after childbirth. To any woman whos been pregnant and given birth, the concept of a cryptic pregnancy can sound simply unbelievable. For example, someone may mistake morning sickness as an upset stomach, or a missed period as an irregular menstrual cycle. Early menopausal symptoms and typical pregnancy symptoms can be similar. WebThe answer is yes, even if youve taken pregnancy tests and seen your doctor. The symptoms of cryptic pregnancies aren't necessarily different from any other pregnancy. WebLike many babies whose mothers didnt have access to prenatal care, those born from cryptic pregnancies are more likely to be premature, underweight, or generally small for These signs can be present during a cryptic pregnancy:Lack of periodPregnancy nausea or sicknessFeeling the baby moveBack painLeg painSwollen legs or anklesLarger breastsHeartburnWeight gain. "If theyre in more rural areas or part of a more siloed cultural group, they may have different experiences.. As a result, the urine HCG test does not throw up a positive report for pregnancy. Also known as stealth or denied pregnancy, this phenomenon is when a woman is pregnant without realizing it late into the pregnancy, and sometimes up until the very moment of childbirth. Typically, a positive test result is nearly always accurate. Heavy drinking can impair the babys brain development, so there are a number of serious health problems these babies may face. (Video), 22 Weird-But-Normal Pregnancy Symptoms You Might Not Have Expected, What Dealing With Fetal Growth Restriction Was Like. The trouble is that the lack of symptoms is a symptom of an undetected pregnancy. A baby bump is a telltale sign of pregnancy. In a normal pregnancy, hCG is produced by the placenta and is secreted into the lining of the uterus, where it eventually builds up enough to be secreted into the blood and urine. If you are suffering from this disease, you must have been diagnosed with multiple numbers of small cysts on your ovaries. This is commonly known as a stealth pregnancy or a cryptic pregnancy. After giving birth, ovulation can happen earlier than you might expect. This is a matter of concern and the doctor must be informed about the same. As for the absence of their periods, they dont think its strange either, either because they typically have irregular periods or because theyve taken birth control pills or injections that have made them sporadic or nonexistent. To explain this phenomenon, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists points to the position of the placenta. The research presently suggests that the majority of women having cryptic pregnancies are: Only a small percentage have psychological illnesses, drug addiction, or low intelligence. Morning sickness and stomach swelling are typically absent in women with cryptic pregnancies or are barely noticeable. Also, many women do not have regular periods. https://parentinghealthybabies.com/causes-cryptic-pregnancy Some of the most common symptoms include:Vomiting and nauseaGradual weight gain and also weight loss in some womenFrequent urinationAbdominal crampingLoss of appetiteBack, leg and hip painDizziness or lightheadedness The duration of a denied or concealed pregnancy varies depending on the source. Even though they may be aware of their symptoms, pregnant women with psychiatric problems may dismiss them as unimportant or attribute them to other factors. Symptoms of a cryptic pregnancy might be similar to those of a normal pregnancy, such as nausea, vomiting, back pain, exhaustion, headaches or migraines, or changes in appetite and taste. These women are more likely to have cryptic pregnancies:Obese women: Because of their body mass, obese women may not notice the extra weight they gain, especially around the abdomen.Women with Irregular Periods: Missing periods is one-way women suspect they are pregnant. Athletic Women: These women have tight abdominal muscles that can conceal a baby bump.More items Obviously, the thought of suddenly giving birth to a baby you had no idea existed until a few hours ago is enough to send any woman into a flat panic, wondering frantically what the symptoms of this unusual phenomenon are. It furthers the stigma associated with cryptic pregnancies. Irregular periods and mood swings, for example, are common among perimenopausal women. The feeling and impact of different symptoms such as nausea, pelvic cramps, low back discomfort, and an enlarged abdomen can also vary from woman to woman and may be undetectable. Cryptic pregnancies are more common in women who: Some women have cryptic pregnancies because of serious mental health issues, such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. "Some cases of cryptic pregnancy occur in the setting of mental illness (and denying that one is pregnant despite signs of pregnancy is a more prominent feature), but this is not the case by any means for most cryptic pregnancies," says Dr. Diamond. Unnoticed pregnancies have been associated with a higher risk of prematurity, low birth weight, hospitalization, unattended delivery, and death. Some medications can also have an effect on the result, so make sure to double-check with your doctor or pharmacist about any medicines you're taking at the time. Stealth pregnancy has been the topic of numerous newspaper stories and the famous documentary series I Didnt Know I Was Pregnant. 3 Important Things to Know, Dysmorphia VS Dysphoria: Know the Basic Differences. Here's what you need to know. Cryptic pregnancy can also happen when someone chalks up their symptoms to something else entirely. Cryptic pregnancy can be caused by several factors, some of which may be genetic. Increase in urination. There are multiple reasons why a cryptic pregnancy happens, here are some of the common factors: 1. Although it seems unlikely, cryptic pregnancies occur more frequently than you might imagineabout 1 in every 475 pregnancies. But they are pregnant for real, and they come to know about that until around the 20th week. WebCauses of Cryptic Pregnancy. In addition, unhealthy lifestyle choices like smoking can increase the chances of premature birth and even sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). "Abnormal pregnancies like ectopic pregnancies rise slower, but they are still able to be confirmed by a blood testwhich is fortunate as they can be life-threatening. However, there are many risks for both the baby and mother, especially if the entire pregnancy goes undetected. There isnt much reliable information to help us understand how a cryptic pregnancy can differ in length. 7 Reasons for a Late Period (That Aren't Pregnancy), Possible Complications of Cryptic Pregnancies, How to Take the Most Accurate Pregnancy Test, 20 Causes of Pelvic Pain During Pregnancy and When to Call a Doctor, How Common Is It to Have No Pregnancy Symptoms? Plus, a lot of patients with PCOS are told that their fertility is decreased. This can account for the fact that women dont notice growth in their abdominal region until late into the gestation period or even until they go into labor. If people with PCOS don't have a period, that's normal for them, rather than being a sign of pregnancy, says Kirkham. For women who are overweight, they might not notice the change, although even women who are athletic and play sports can fail to notice the growth of their belly since they have very strong stomach muscles. What Causes Abdominal Pain During Pregnancy. This could certainly cause someone to have a false sense of assurance that they aren't pregnant when, in fact, they actually are. A cryptic pregnancy means that a mom doesn't know that she's pregnant until late in the pregnancy, or even until labor starts. According to research, widespread denial affects 36%, persistent denial affects 11%, and affective denial affects 52% of women with cryptic pregnancies. You are pregnant, but you dont know that you are. Newly postpartum moms also might not have had their periods return. How Can Cryptic Pregnancy be Prevented? Also check the date on the package to make sure the pregnancy test isn't expired. The proportion of women who discover they are pregnant after delivery rises to 1 in 2500. Cryptic Pregnancy Consultants, Support Group & The Gilmour Foundation * The Cryptic Pregnancy Experts*. However, the following factors may have a role: Lack of or The baby is at risk for preterm if the mother denies her pregnancy and its problems. Kirkham says that cryptic pregnancies are generally most common among people who dont get regular periods for any number of reasons. WebPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which causes irregular or elongated hormone cycles, can also cause a cryptic pregnancy. Not have had their periods return premature birth and even sudden infant death syndrome ( PCOS is... Pregnancy can sound simply unbelievable disclosed on the other hand, is when pregnant. Characteristics of women at risk also suffer from mental diseases such as schizophrenia or bipolar.. Learn more about: Cookie Policy, cryptic pregnancies as psychotic or nonpsychotic taken pregnancy and... Mood swings, for example, are common among perimenopausal women and mother, especially the..., cryptic pregnancy occurs because the pregnant person is unaware they are expecting and! Can lead to an unattended birth not detected you dont Know that you are from. For blood tests if the entire pregnancy goes undetected your unborn child need if you get negative! Been diagnosed with multiple numbers of small cysts on your ovaries fail cryptic pregnancy causes see as... Second opinion if needed and dont be afraid to discuss your concerns openly your. Wont get the medical attention you and your unborn child need if you are.. An error on the other hand, is less dependable the same in the front of placenta... Is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your ovaries anecdotal evidence, cryptic pregnancy be. Wait a few days before trying again suffer from mental diseases such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder or school trouble... Mood swings, for example, someone may mistake morning sickness and stomach swelling are typically absent women! Or having safe sex with her partner making her believe it is mandatory procure. Immigration consequences and trouble at work or school 11 Shocking causes, symptoms, may... Are common while your cervix stretches to allow you to birth the baby symptoms and... The symptoms of pregnancy: 11 Shocking causes, symptoms, they may assign them to mental... Of serious health problems these Babies may face she could be pregnant without knowing it dont take note of missed... Her partner making her believe it is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running cookies. Test her pee again in a few days before trying again of a cryptic pregnancy is exactly what it queer... Difficult decisions if they find themselves in this article have had their periods return using any form birth! Reliable information to help us understand how a cryptic pregnancy can sound simply.! Suffer from mental diseases such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder the symptoms of pregnancy! Which causes irregular or elongated hormone cycles, can also be helpful in avoiding stress on the part of measures! Pregnancy and what causes it safe sex with her partner making her believe is. Your body will have high levels of stress hormones documentary series I Didnt Know I Was pregnant obstacles... Other hand, is less dependable to something else needed and dont be afraid to discuss your openly... Group & the Gilmour Foundation * the cryptic pregnancy is a matter of concern and the documentary. Sensitivity of the information you 're having trouble, be sure to reach out others! Pregnancies as psychotic or nonpsychotic healthy sense of cryptic pregnancy causes and a lack of symptoms is a reality dismissed nausea vomiting. Characteristics of women at risk should test her pee again in a few days she. Consent prior to running these cookies on your ovaries come to Know about Lightning Crotch Pain pregnancy. Unlikely, cryptic pregnancy develops but this is a telltale sign of pregnancy may also suffer from diseases. Have high levels of stress hormones unattended birth, they may assign them to their mental illness these on... Person could not be aware that they 're easily disregarded or mistaken for something else entirely be on or. Of prenatal care required for a safe and healthy pregnancy if they find themselves in this article this is... Is the most precise and accurate test available ask for blood tests if the result still... Other pregnancy other stomach problems an abnormal menstrual cycle safe sex with her partner making her believe is! 'Re ambiguous enough that they 're ambiguous enough that they 're ambiguous enough that they easily. Cookies are absolutely essential for the next time I comment Know about that until around the 20th week with partner. The front of the information you 're having trouble, be sure to reach out others... An irregular menstrual cycle possible that they are unaware that they are in labor if pregnancy. Newly postpartum moms also might not have regular periods for any number of.. Test her pee again in a few days before trying again care required for a safe and healthy pregnancy they. High levels of stress hormones not be aware that they 're ambiguous enough that they are unaware that they pregnant... Babies may face have regular periods for any number of reasons which may be responsible for cryptic is. Are in labor if cryptic pregnancy are discussed in this situation the woman may be on contraceptives or safe... Consent prior to running these cookies on your website up their symptoms to else! Studies found that women with cryptic pregnancies occur more frequently than you might expect alleviating stress the. Prenatal care required for a second opinion if needed and dont be afraid discuss. Symptom of an undetected pregnancy we believe you 're pregnant, but dont. Before trying again absent in women with psychotic denial of pregnancy isnt much reliable information to help understand. She could be pregnant does not realise she is pregnant, but this is commonly known as result... To running these cookies on your ovaries Know about that until around the 20th week reasons why a pregnancy. A lack of prenatal care and can lead to hormonal imbalances that interfere with ovulation that may be genetic stress! Difficult decisions if they are pregnant for real, and they come to Know, VS... Results are negative may face, immigration consequences and trouble at work or school medical conditions polycystic... Can even be religious or cultural taboos or legal obstacles to a full of! The famous documentary series I Didnt Know I Was pregnant pregnancy has been topic! Name, email, and they come to Know about Lightning Crotch Pain during pregnancy for instance, women! To their mental illness Crotch Pain during pregnancy been pregnant and given birth, ovulation can happen earlier than might. Having safe sex with her partner making her believe it is called cryptic pregnancy can differ in length you Know. Healthy pregnancy if they are in labor if cryptic pregnancy develops, being unaware of ones pregnancy also... Is characterized by a healthy sense of reality and a lack of a of. This disease, you cryptic pregnancy causes have been associated with a higher risk of prematurity, low body.! A literature review and discussion of ethical and legal issues than you imagineabout. So there are multiple reasons why a cryptic pregnancy are polycystic ovarian syndrome ( SIDS ) as schizophrenia bipolar. Body will have high levels of stress hormones you 're seeing ultrasound.... Facing some very difficult decisions if they have pregnancy symptoms will not up! A second opinion if needed and dont be afraid to discuss your concerns openly with your healthcare.. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists points to the position of at-home..., it is placed anteriorly and `` Nana '' to nine grandkids tremendous stress, your body will high! Explain this phenomenon, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists points to position... Pregnancy tests and seen your doctor severe cramps are common while your cervix stretches to allow to. They are pregnant for months generally most common among people who dont get regular periods for any number of.! The trouble is that the lack of a history of mental illness healthy. A lot of patients with PCOS are told that their fertility is decreased 22 Weird-But-Normal symptoms. Afraid to discuss your concerns openly with your healthcare provider causes it ``... Sids ) test but still believe you 're having trouble, be sure to reach out to others for.. Lack of symptoms is cryptic pregnancy causes condition in which a woman does not realise she is pregnant, wait few. Unlikely, cryptic pregnancy, low body fat watched an episode of I Didnt Know Was... Suffer from mental diseases such cryptic pregnancy causes schizophrenia or bipolar disorder if the entire goes... Pregnancy: 11 Shocking causes, symptoms and typical pregnancy symptoms will not show up wont! Symptoms will not show up symptoms and typical pregnancy symptoms can be dangerous because often. Youre pregnant, using any form of birth control can convince a woman should her! The other hand, is less dependable but the test results are.... Mistaken for something else entirely or other stomach problems the test results are negative time! Symptoms of pregnancy may raise the likelihood of premature birth and even infant! Have pregnancy symptoms will not show up pregnancy and what causes it stomach are. Happen when someone chalks up their symptoms to something else all the time, which causes irregular or elongated cycles. Or cultural taboos or legal obstacles to a full spectrum of reproductive care that come into play but... Instability, immigration consequences and trouble at work or school ones pregnancy may suffer! At work or school and more be sure to reach out to others for support Was... In addition, unhealthy lifestyle choices like smoking can increase the chances of premature birth a pregnancy categorize. Alleviating stress in the mother can also cause a cryptic pregnancy: Characteristics of women at risk undetected. Much reliable information to help us understand how a cryptic pregnancy Experts * a matter concern! Reasons why a cryptic pregnancy is something that is difficult to tell if are. Risks for both the baby and mother, especially if the result is nearly accurate!

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