Bhutan Sana Sezim also negotiated and partnered with government agencies in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan to open repatriation channels for more than 100,000 stranded migrants amid government-mandated lockdowns and public health emergencies. 333, to the extent that the CSPA would restrict such assistance or support. The steps include continuing to support during the reporting period the UN Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF) Action Plan to end use and recruitment of child soldiers. In the same survey, more than 50 percent of migrant workers reported bearing new debts because of the pandemic. This included individuals who reshared CSEM content in hopes of helping the victim and raising awareness, but inadvertently contributed to reporting spikes leaving less time and resources to pursue every incident. We have seen, for instance, how deeply held racial biases and stereotypes inappropriately influence outcomes for those in our criminal justice system as they lead to racially disparate assumptions about who is identified as a trafficker and who is identified as a victim. While many countries shifted to conducting court proceedings virtually, limited to no internet connectivity and cost-related barriers to internet access for rural or underserved communities in some countries, such as The Gambia, made it challenging for victims to participate in virtual courts. The government was actively complicit in the forced labor of North Korean workers. As part of this work, it commits to engaging with its interagency, civil society, private sector, multilateral, and survivor leader partners to better understand systemic racisms effects on the human trafficking field and to integrate racial equity more intentionally into the U.S. anti-trafficking response. As a result, this years TIP Report introduction highlights human trafficking issues related to COVID-19, with special focus on how anti-trafficking stakeholders adapted in rapidly changing environments. The reality is that abuse, pain, torture, and exploitation is the only existence these survivors may have known. One of the three projects, the USAID Heal-Empower-Rise Counter Trafficking in Person Project, cost US$950,000. Vicente was thrilled when he was recruited and offered an educational visa to attend community college in the United States. The school administrators forced Vicente and the other students to adhere to an exhausting work and academic schedule and threatened deportation and legal action if they failed to comply or skipped a work shift. Itmanifests in societal exclusion and prejudices against those communities, which help perpetuate an imbalance of opportunity and support. Furthermore, familial trafficking situations may have prevented survivors from developing key healthy social skills, including how to make and maintain friends, relate to other children and adults, ask for assistance, and recognize their own self-worth. All three elements are required to establish a sex trafficking crime (except in the case of child sex trafficking where the means are irrelevant). 333. Iceland UNODCs Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling Section (HTMSS) began providing alternative methods to deliver technical assistance by establishing an online center of excellence that will allow for delivery of trainings, webinars, and blended and self-paced learning, as well as interaction among practitioners to foster HTMSS community of practice. 2. Employ a third-party reviewer to assess the organizations integration of survivor leadership and trauma-informed approaches. These PME courses would focus on the professionalization of military forces, and would bolster the rule of law within the Yemeni Armed Forces. Many COVID-19 mitigation measures, such as mask wearing, virtual engagements, and self-isolation, could re-traumatize survivors. To continue responding in the long termwhether amid the COVID-19 pandemic or other future crisesstakeholders should consider proactive planning for adaptation and flexibility to future crises through extensive risk mitigation and management tools. Susan Snyder The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime (GIATOC) published a policy brief in May 2020 highlighting initial trends in human trafficking during the pandemic and challenges to traditional responses. Ariana Holly Similarly, the Australian Border Force issued an information sheet on modern slavery and COVID-19 that provided guidance on how to reduce the risk of workers becoming more vulnerable to human traffickers as a result of the pandemic. These measures will go a long way to preventing labor abuse and exploitation, especially forced labor. Another manifestation of human trafficking occurs when a governmental armed group (including police or other security forces), paramilitary organization, rebel group, or other non-state armed group unlawfully recruits or uses childrenthrough force, fraud, or coercionas combatants or in support roles. Comments "Celian Group to host Gospel Festival" . Its not that people of color do more drugs, are more engaged in criminal behavior, its that they are more vulnerable, more targeted by the police for prostitution and other crimes. Brazil With continued collaboration, adaptation, and commitment to serving the needs of victims, survivors, and vulnerable populations, anti-trafficking efforts will emerge stronger in the post-pandemic era. The integration of a victim-centered approach into system-wide efforts on sexual exploitation and abuse, including risks to beneficiaries and others associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, was strengthened in 2020. They were routinely moved around and often unsure of where they were located. To extract this work, governments coerce by threatening the withdrawal of public benefits, withholding salaries, failing to adhere to limits on national service, manipulating the lack of legal status of stateless individuals and other minority groups, threatening to punish family members, or conditioning services or freedom of movement on labor or sex. Whether the parent or guardian is the trafficker or sells the child who is then placed in the care of another trafficker, the trafficker is both that childs exploiter and caregiver. Vietnam The GOI is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers. In October 2019, at least two children (under the age of 15) were recruited and used in supporting roles at a remote checkpoint in Northeast Nigeria. In his sixth and final State of the Nation Address (SONA), Duterte said he thought that curbing the illegal drug trade would be no different from the drug war he waged in his hometown in Davao City. Human trafficking is the act of recruiting, harboring, transporting, providing or obtaining a person for compelled labor or commercial sex acts through the use of force, fraud or coercion. The assertion came days after government and opposition politicians pointed fingers at each other over a 2022 Tra. State withheld $850,000 in FY 2021 International Military Education and Training (IMET) funds for Mali pursuant to section 404(a) and other applicable restrictions. The TVPA, as amended, lists additional factors to determine whether a country should be on Tier 2 (or Tier 2 Watch List) versus Tier 3: In addition, the TVPA directs the Secretary of State to consider, as proof of a countrys failure to make significant efforts to fully meet the TVPAs minimum standards, a government policy or pattern of: trafficking; trafficking in government-funded programs; forced labor (in government-affiliated medical services, agriculture, forestry, mining, construction, or other sectors); sexual slavery in government camps, compounds, or outposts; or employing or recruiting child soldiers. Eswatini As the anti-trafficking community has grappled with how to integrate these ideals, it often conflates them. Patrick Hamilton Sinking demand also led major global retailers to cancel orders and, in many cases, refuse to pay for products their supplier factories had already produced. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Trafficking in Persons, https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/index.html, United Nations Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/hlpf, The Inter-agency Coordination Group against Trafficking in Persons (ICAT), Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (A/RES/55/25) (2000), United Nations Global Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons (A/RES/64/293) (2010), Political Declaration on the Implementation of the Global Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons (2017) (A/RES/72/1), UNSC Resolutions on Trafficking in Persons in Conflict Situations 2331 (2016) , 2388 (2017) and 2493 (2019 S/RES/2493 ), UNODC Global Report on Trafficking in Persons (2020), Legislative Guide for the Implementation of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children (2020), Model Legislative Provisions against Trafficking in Persons (2020), Female Victims of Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation as Defendants (2021), UNODC Toolkit for Mainstreaming Human Rights and Gender Equality into Criminal Justice Intervention to Address Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants (2021), UN Sustainable Development Goal targets 5.2, 8.7, and 16.2 (SDGs), http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/Byregion/Global/langen/index.htm, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:1:0, -P029 Protocol of 2014 and Recommendation R203, supplementing the Forced Labour Convention (1930), -C105 Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (1957), -C182 Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (1999), -C189 Domestic Workers Convention, and its Recommendation R201 (2011), ILO training package on inspection of labour conditions on board fishing vessels (2020), UN Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, UN Special Rapporteur on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography, AU Commission Initiative against Trafficking Campaign (AU.COMMIT), October 1, 2020, Virtual Event, 2nd Virtual Technical Meeting on Data Collection on Irregular Migration and Associated Protection Risks towards the Production of a Statistical Report on Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling in the Horn of Africa and Surrounding Region, January 23-24, 2020, Bishoftu, Ethiopia, National Stakeholder Workshop on the AU-Horn of Africa Mainstreaming Initiative for Countering Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling, (EU/Horn of Africa Migration Route Initiative), Khartoum Declaration on AU-Horn of Africa Initiative on Human Trafficking and Smuggling of Migrants (2014), Valletta Summit Political Declaration (2015), EU-Africa Action Plan on Migration and Mobility (2014-2017), ASEAN Convention Against Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (2015), ASEAN Plan of Action Against Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (2015), The Bali Process Guidelines for Information Sharing to Address People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and Related Transnational Crime, The Bali Process Handbook on Addressing Irregular Migration through Effective Information Campaigns, The Bali Process Policy Guides on Criminalizing Migrant Smuggling and Trafficking in Persons, The Bali Process Policy Guides on Identification and Protection of Victims of Trafficking, The Bali Process Policy Guide on Following the Money in Trafficking in Persons Cases, The Bali Process Policy Guide on Returns and Reintegration, Protecting Migrants at Sea: Practical Guide to Fulfilling International Obligations, Corruption as a facilitator of smuggling of migrants and trafficking in persons (2021), Program of Cooperation between the CIS Member States against Trafficking in Persons for 20142018, COMMIT 4th Sub-Regional Plan of Action (COMMIT SPA IV 2015-2018)Victim Identification and Referral Mechanisms: Common Guidelines for the Greater Mekong Sub-region. For the United States, this means confronting its history of chattel slavery, indigenous dispossession, and the centuries-long racial campaigns of violence, fear, and trauma that followed. With this years Report we celebrate the efforts of anti-trafficking professionals who continued to serve and identify victims as well as prosecute traffickers amidst the pandemics devastating effects on the worlds most vulnerable populations. South Sudan Section 5. We invite other governments and global partners to join in this effort and hold each other accountable. The number of arrests reported for human trafficking involving involuntary servitude increased from 66 in 2015 to 146 in 2019 before declining to 92 in 2020. A safe space affords children privacy so they can talk about their experiences more freely. The introduction also illustrates collaborative ways to reimagine anti-trafficking efforts with an emphasis on preparedness to prevent compounding effects of future crises on trafficking victims and vulnerable individuals, as well as efforts to combat the most recent emerging human trafficking trends. These initiatives, as well as any near-term security sector programming, will be used to support the security sector reform/disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (SSR/DDR) and governance needed to end the conflict and the recruitment and use of child soldiers. Many anti-trafficking organizations also responded to the pandemic by emphasizing staff wellness, especially for employees with lived experience of human trafficking who are at risk of heightened responses to the stress caused by the pandemic. Though difficult work remains ahead, the past year has already demonstrated stakeholders unwavering determination and promising innovations amid exceptional challenges. Brunei Nepal Mongolia Finland Because children are dependent on their families for their basic needs, such as food, shelter, and clothing, they are often faced with having basic needs unmet or physical violence if they dont comply with the trafficker. Micronesia Heather Fisher Page 6: Picture Alliance The PRC governments Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (Bingtuan), an economic and paramilitary organization with administrative control over several areas in the region comprising nearly three million personnel, forces members of prison populations and local communities alike to work in hazardous mining, construction, manufacturing, food processing, andfor many thousands of Uyghur adults and childrencotton harvesting. It restricted where and how enslaved people could gather or socialize to weaken communal bonds to avoid a unified rebellion for freedom. All three elements are essential to form a human trafficking violation. Providers struggled not only to maintain services for identified individuals, but also to create safe spaces in accordance with capacity and social distancing protocols to allow service provision for future identified individuals. efforts, however laudable, undertaken exclusively by nongovernmental actors in the country; general public awareness eventsgovernment-sponsored or otherwiselacking concrete ties to the prosecution of traffickers, protection of victims, or prevention of trafficking; and. Additional Details Christine Buchholz Governments, investors, researchers, and civil-society actors should explore how microfinance and other forms of social finance can support survivors. Detention in these camps is intended to erase ethnic and religious identities under the pretext of vocational training. Forced labor is a central tactic used for this repression. Regardless of socioeconomic background, child survivors of familial trafficking situations often have limited avenues for resources when seeking assistance. Andrea E. Reed Francesca J. Tadle Netherlands President Felix Tshisekedi has demonstrated that he is a willing partner committed to addressing instability and conflict in DRC, but needs U.S. security assistance to succeed in defeating armed groups threatening local populations, including the ISIS-affiliated Allied Democratic Forces (ADF). The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Botswana With limited access to wraparound services that, in many cases, are integral to survivors independence and well-being, trafficking survivors are at an increased risk of re-victimization. While the number of individuals at risk of trafficking grew during the pandemic, so did the conditions under which traffickers thrive. NGOs have also reported experiencing cyberattacks and threats on social media when they post statements debunking misinformation. Suriname . In many cases, the photographs of individuals used in this report are not images of confirmed human trafficking victims. It will promote peace and security in the region through maritime security and counterterrorism capacity building. [Scroll bar is available at the bottom of the table. The Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Visit disclaimer . 7103 (d) (7) ). Although the DDR Committee is not specifically dedicated to removing child soldiers from the field of battle, its mission is to facilitate the disarmament and reintegration of ex-fighters of Boko Haram and ISIS-West Africa and armed separatist groups in the Southwest and Northwest Regions, irrespective of their ages. The Government of Cameroon also acknowledges that recruitment and use of child soldiers by armed Anglophone separatists and Boko Haram is a problem. Further, a waiver for support provided by the Department of Defense pursuant to 10 U.S.C. Their employer forced the men to work long hours, continually reduced their wages, and physically abused them. When the tables turned onto me, I already knew their opinions. Many organizations consolidated lists of resources and online guidance on promising practices to provide support services to victims and survivors during the pandemic. Soumya Silver This means that service providers can recognize signs of trauma in individuals and respond by integrating knowledge about trauma into policies, procedures, practices, and settings. An Increase in Forms of Online Sexual Exploitation. I believe that is true here. She has diligently worked with community members, law enforcement and government officials, and other NGOs to ensure the country is proactively identifying victims and referring them to care. Internally, the Office of the Special Representative and Co-Ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings (OSR/CTHB) helped develop and adopt contract and tender provisions for OSCE procurement; conducted a pilot assessment of TIP risk in procurement of the OSCE field operation in Serbia, results from which were published in an analysis report; developed guidance for OSCE procurement to prevent TIP, and developed training for OSCE procurement and program staff and launched implementation. Some governments expanded protective services, such as admitting live teleconference testimony in court or providing victims the option to testify remotely to avoid interacting with their traffickers. The justification for this determination and certification with respect to each country is set forth in this Memorandum. Anna Fraser Comoros This email address provides a means by which organizations and individuals can share information with the Department of State throughout the year on government progress in addressing human trafficking. This last component is crucial, as interviewing and service provision that is not trauma-informed or in the best interest of the child can be retraumatizing and inhibit a successful recovery. According to the joint survey by OSCE and UN Women, only 24 percent of the 385 anti-trafficking organizations that responded to the survey could remain fully operational during the pandemic. Likewise, law enforcement should address biases to improve identification and protection efforts for victims from marginalized communities while preventing re-traumatization. The chart below shows the Ratification, Accession (a), or Acceptance (A) of relevant international conventions for those countries that have ratified, acceded to, or accepted any such conventions between April 2020 and March 2021. The illicit financial activity that human trafficking generates includes, but is not limited to: payments associated with the transport of victims and other logistics such as hotels or plane tickets; collection of proceeds generated by the exploitation of trafficking victims and by the sale of goods produced through their exploitation; movement of proceeds; and bribery and corrupt dealings to facilitate human trafficking. In addition to her anti-trafficking accomplishments in her current position, she has a track record of championing the rights of trafficking victims and providing them with services. Page 627: Panos/Dieter Telemans Luxembourg The governments efforts to address child soldiers are continually discussed at regular RJMEC and CTSAMVM meetings. Poole and her staff have worked with more than 3,000 women. The PRC initially denied all allegations, dismissing them as international interference in its domestic affairs. Page 75: Panos Pictures/Samuel Aranda The Houthi rebels gave the boys weapons and forced them to fight and guard checkpoints. The Ministry of Social Development (MIDES) facilitated the care and protection of trafficking victims through two entities: the National Institute for Women (Inmujeres), which served adult female trafficking victims, and the National Institute for Children and Adolescents (INAU), which served child trafficking victims. Crystal Hill Antigua and Barbuda Human trafficking can take place even if the victim initially consented to providing labor, services, or commercial sex acts. At first, it may not be apparent that acting on this information could have any harmful consequences. Ukraine Kidnappings fueling human trafficking between Venezuela and its island neighbor have been carried out in Delta Amacuro, according to a 2020 report from Dr Cleophas Justine Pierre, a human trafficking researcher and director of research and business development at Dunn, Pierre, Barnett and Company Canada Limited. Financial institutions are required to comply with law enforcement processes seeking to identify traffickers assets, which can be seized, forfeited, and used toward restitution for victims. COVID-19 generated conditions that increased the number of people who experienced vulnerabilities to human trafficking and interrupted existing and planned anti-trafficking interventions. Some perpetrators use these types of conditions as part of their coercive schemes to compel the labor of domestic workers with little risk of detection. 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