12, Dijo watershed was classified into four severity classes. Chernozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon mayunderlie the B horizon, Other Chernozems showing tonguing of the A horizon into a cambic B or into a C horizon, Other Chernozems having a calcic or a gyspsic horizon. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. Vachellia tortilis, Vachellia nubica, and Balanites aegyptiaca grow as scattered trees or shrubs on the sandy plains. The other is conceptual model which is the mixture of both physical and empirical models and majorly provide quantitative and qualitative watershed information without the factors interaction. /Ascent 905 EurLex-2 The required data collected for analysis are included in the manuscript. In: Pimentel D(Ed) WorldSoil Erosionand Conservation. The shallow soil depth coupled with the sandy clay soil texture characteristics of Lithosols leads to low water-holding capacity soil which contributed for comparable soil loss with pellic vertisols. In the two South Hemisphere ecoregions, soils on older substrata of uplands are generally highly leached lithosols in South Africa and by laterites and the process of podzolization in southern Australia; they have been exposed to weathering since the Paleozoic or even the Precambrian. Lithosols were defined as: "soils other than Histosols that were limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the soil surface." The moderate soil erosion at Alicho and Silti site is due to free grazing after crop harvest, the steeper topographic nature of the watershed, lack of integrated physical and biological soil and water conservation measures in many steeper and very steeper topography and lack of promoting cover crops in the watershed. There are different types of soils as a result of the difference in geological formation, glaciations, topography, and climate. Soil pH was measured in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution. (2008), the original model result due to erosion of cultivated fields in Ethiopia under standard condition was 42 ton/ha/year. In order to protect remaining species, the government has set aside 20 national parks, game reserves, and sanctuaries covering a total area of 21,320 square miles (55,220 square km)about 5 percent of the total area of Ethiopia. 278 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 Whereas the rest low and moderate soil erosion risk classes account 24.7% and 5.07%, respectively (Table8). Other grazing animals include beira, dorcas gazelle, Soemmerring's Gazelle, gerenuk and the beisa oryx (Oryx beisa). The mean annual soil losses of Dijo watershed range from 0 in the flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slope areas with the annual average soil loss rate of 2.2 ton/ha/year. ultimately controlled by disaster preparedness maps. The climate fluctuates between Mediterranean subtropical and Mediterranean temperate, with annual average temperatures of between 13 C and 17 C, and average annual rainfall of between 400 mm and 800 mm. 22 sub-watersheds(A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W and Y) fall under low soil erosion classes which covers 90.74% of the watershed areas. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13313 Corpus ID: 256487232; GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia @article{Olika2023GISBS, title={GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia}, author={Gamtesa Olika and Gelana Fikadu and Basha Gedefa}, journal={Heliyon}, year={2023}, volume={9} } Thailand 2:131132, Hurni H (1985) Erosion-productivity-conservation systems in Ethiopia. 3). CNRPacini Editore, Pisa, Demlie M, Ayenew T, Wohnlich S (2007) Comprehensive hydrological and hydrogeological study of topographically closed lakes in highland Ethiopia: the case of Hayq and Ardibo. 2008) and about 80% of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion (Ritchie et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, Tessema I (2011)Soil erosion risk assessment with RUSLE and GIS in Dire Dam Watershed (unpublished), Tsegaye G, Gebremichael A (2014) Review on overall status of soil and water conservation system and its constraints in different agro ecology of southern Ethiopia. PODZOLS (P)Other soils having a spodic B horizon. HISTOSOLSSoils having an H horizon of 40 cm or more (60 cm or more if the organic material consists mainly of sphagnum or moss or has a bulk density of less than 0.1) either extending down from the surface or taken cumulatively within the upper 80 cm of the soil; the thickness of the H horizon may be less when it rests on rocks or on fragmental material of which the interstices are filled with organic matter. (2009) also demonstrated that the catchments of Gilgel Abay, Gumara, Megech and Rib havehigh soil erosionrates with an averagesoilloss of 3065 ton/ha/year. The moderate and low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. where SDR denotes the sediment delivery ratio and area of the watershed. An old folklore superstitions from the Semien mountains regarding certain trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce's early 19th century journal. A special thank to Ernesto Abbate, Mario Sagri and Milvio Fazzuoli that introduced me to the beauties of the Horn of Africa geology and geomorphology, to Giovanni Ferrari for his inspiring views and, finally, to Fabrizio Vannacci that faithfully assisted me with his laboratory, field and human skills in such a long endeavor. 4). The characteristics of soil, watershed topography (gently sloping and sloping), lack of vegetation cover, cultivation of steep slope without engineering measures, free grazing and sand extraction contributed for moderate soil erosion. Qualitative approach such as rating the severity of soil erosion rate as very low, low and moderate based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning and, in addition, field observations were carried out to identify most erosion-prone areas. slopes are often steep, and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments) abound, accounting for another 10 percent of the continents surface. Haile, 1987). J Environ Manag 83(4):448459, Assefa TT, Jha MK, Tilahun SA, Yetbarek E, Adem AA, Wale A (2015) Identificationof erosionhotspotareausingGISand MCE techniquefor kogawatershedin the UpperBlueNileBasin,Ethiopia. The current study employed an alternative method using the combination of land use and slope to estimate P_values as proposed by Wischmeier and Smith (1978). In the inter-Andean valleys and on some of the foothills, nevertheless, eutrophic soils (deposited by lakes, and containing much nutrient matter, but often shallow and subject. 0000008279 00000 n 2015). [2] Climate[edit] Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy, You can also search for this author in Botany 2000: East and Central Africa NAPRECA monograph series no. /AvgWidth 441 Therefore, the present study has been initiated to estimate average annual soil loss rate and identify critical soil erosion-prone areas for proper intervention for the study watershed using USLE and GIS. ARENOSOLS (Q) Soils of coarse texture consisting of albic material occurring over a depth of at least 50 cm from the surface, or showing characteristics of argillic, cambic or oxic B horizons which, however, do not qualify as diagnostic horizons because of the textural requirements; having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric A horizon. There are a few Ethiopian wolves. This implies that the Lithosols have low water-holding capacity. Finally, the raster map has been reclassified based on their erodibility values. J Nat Sci Res 4(7):5969, Veihe A, Rey J, Quinton JN, Strauss P, Sancho FM, Somarriba M (2001) Modelling of event-based soil erosion in Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Mexico: evaluation of the EUROSEM model. Smaller towns include the former Afar Region capital of Asaita in Ethiopia and smaller ports along the coast such as Tadjoura in Djibouti and Zeila in Somalia. In: Braimoh AK, Vlek PLG (eds)Landuseand soilresources. Institute of Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. /LastChar 233 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The major part of the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano. The average annual precipitation of the area is 1003.7mm. 0000000016 00000 n The topographic (LS_factor) value for the watershed is 078.48(Fig. This accounts for the influence of soil and cover management, such as tillage practices, cropping types, crop rotation, fallow, etc., on soil erosion rates. Paolo Billi . [1], location of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands, Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands. The Genwarar trees are seldom above eight feet in height, and from a distance could give the appearance or shape of a human being. The soil loss range of Dijo watershed is from 0 to 38.09 ton/ha/year. and map erosion vulnerable areas using RUSLE model. Ethiopia can be divided into four rainfall regimes. The maximum erosion accounts 161,161.8 ton/year of total soil loss. chroma of 5 or more). 0000010931 00000 n The conditions that favored soil development in Ethiopia : Of the 18 major soil associations existing in Ethiopia only few are important from agricultural development point of view. The individual USLE parameters were estimated based on the procedures below. Previously, there are no case studies in the specific watershed. More-abundant varieties found in the lowlands include such antelopes as the oryx, the greater kudu, and the waterbuck, various types of monkeys including the black-and-white colobus (known as guereza in Ethiopia and hunted for its beautiful long-haired pelt), and varieties of wild pig. endobj Dijo watershed is located in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. May is a hot and dry month preceding the long rainy season (kremt) in June, July, and August. Lithosols are azonal soils with an incomplete solum and/or without clearly expressed morphological features. The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10years land use land cover scenario; therefore, soil erosion might be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario considered. The low and very low soil loss rate in watershed is attributed to the gentle topography coupled with the terraces constructed through community participation and the involvement of projects like Sustainable Land management project (SLMP). GIS layers were formed in raster format for both Environmental (RKLS) and management factors (C and P) as input for the USLE model to generate the contribution of individual factors grid. 0000004979 00000 n Leuven, Relief Society of Tigray, Africa Museum and Tigray Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nyssen J, Frankl A, Haile M, Hurni H, Descheemaeker K, Crummey D, Ritler A, Portner B, Nievergelt B, Moeyersons J, Munro N, Deckers J, Billi P, Poesen J (2014) Environmental conditions and human drivers for changes to north Ethiopian mountain landscapes over 145years. Hawassa, Ethiopia, Wischmeier W, Smith D (1965) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains:guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation. From the result, 58.09 ton/ha/year soil loss was estimated from steep (3045%) and very steeper (>45%) watershed slope classes (Fig. Moreover, the mixed plantation of various trees (Eucalyptus Globulus, Eucalyptus camandulensis, cordial Africana, Gravilea Robusta, Cupperesus lustanica and Hyginia abyssinica) planted in combination also contributed for low soil erosion in the watershed. Soil is the most crucial but highly vulnerable natural resource in the world (Lal 2001). 0000005191 00000 n This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. << recent times, there is rising concern that soil erosion seriously limits agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia (Gessesse et al., 2015). form of soil erosion is a serious and continuous environmental problem in Jabi ( 2013) classified the land mass of Ethiopia into 60 soil types with an area coverage ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 km 2. The off-site effect also generates deposition of soil materials in the reservoirs, irrigation schemes and waterways downstream (Cerd and Doerr 2008). 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 222 0 PubMedGoogle Scholar. /Flags 32 The authors thank Worabe Agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work. Eight factors/parameters such as soil type, soil depth, soil texture, soil drainage, slope, distance from a water supply, and land cover were used to evaluate the suitability of the area for surface irrigation. 4.68% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. The highest soil loss in vertisols could be due to their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility. SOLONETZ (S)Other soils having a natric B horizon. Nat Resour 5:616626. The USLE model does no account Gully erosion in the watershed. 15). /Producer (PDF-XChange Printer V6 \(6.0 build 322.5\) [Windows 7 Enterprise x64 \(Build 7601: Service Pack 1\)]) These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. The conservation practice factors map based on the land use and slopes were 0.1 to 1 as shown in the (Fig. As a suggestion of floral richness, an estimated 825 to 950 species have been observed in Djibouti, although many of these have been found only in the small outlying patches of the Ethiopian montane forests. 22 sub-watershed classes (A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W, Y) falls under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/year). In: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL (eds) Land use and soil resources. Soil acidity is the problem of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands (cultivated lands). According to the relationship between the watershed gross soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the sediment yield was estimated at watershed outlet. /CapHeight 716 The current soil erosion level was compared with the tolerable soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition. One sub-watershed fall under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). J Ecol 23(7):13281335, WBISPP (Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project) Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Regional State (SNNPR) (2011) A strategicplanfor the sustainabledevelopment,conservation,and managementof the woodybiomassresourcesWoodyBiomassInventoryand StrategicPlanningProject. Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0188-2, Cerd A, Doerr SH (2008) The effect of ash and needle cover on surface runoff and erosion in the immediate post-fire period. 137 27 2003). Planosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Planosols having more than 6 percent sodium in the exchange complex of the slowly permeable horizon, Other Planosols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the slowly permeable horizon within 125 cm of the surface. Habitats however have been degraded, mainly by grazing of livestock as well as cutting of trees for firewood and clearing of land for planting. 15). >> Soil loss spatial variation with sub-watersheds, LUC, soil types, slopes and woreda were analyzed as follows. Thus, average annual temperatures in the highlands are in the low 60s F (mid-10s C), while the lowlands average in the low 80s F (upper 20s C). 6). 0000002802 00000 n endobj 2007), unwise management and the use of natural resources which are also the major challenges affecting crop yield in the Southern region (Tsegaye and Gebremichael 2014). Environ Manag 50:679694. FAO/EHRS (Ethiopian highlands reclamation study) working paper 3. /Author (Bianca Marthinus) CHERNOZEMS (C)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less to a depth of at least IS cm; having one or more of the following: a calcic or a gypsic horizon, or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures. The fourth group is composed of yermosols, xerosols, and other saline soils that cover desert areas of the Eastern Lowlands and the Denakil Plain. Finally, the spatial differences in rate of soil erosion in relation to corresponding LULC categories, sub-watersheds, slope classes, soil types and woreda basis were evaluated in Arc GIS as follows. Correspondence to 7, 273291 (2021). Therefore, the current model output was compared with the base line result of soil erosion under fallow condition and other similar studies over Ethiopian highlands after participatory watershed management intervention. 7). The predominant vegetation dry shrub steppe and grassland. Amsalu, T. and Mengaw, A. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. << /FontName /ArialMT The lowest erosion rate is from Molic Andosols. 0000002144 00000 n The association of Vertisols with other soils and their catenary positions are . 0 0 0 0 0 0 278]>> >> Similarly, the finding of setegn et al. Regosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Regosols which are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Regosols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. According to the assessment and documentation report of Bekele et al. After analyzing all model parameters, areas in steeper The average annual soil loss rate was estimated to be 2.2 ton/ha/year. 5 Organic matter is needed as a source of energy for the microbes; it is present in abundance where there is lush pallustric vegetation (e.g. In: Abebe Y, Geheb K (eds) Wetlands of Ethiopia. The soil erosion under different soil types was analyzed. xref /Filter [/FlateDecode] Ethiop J Biol Sci 10(2):111136, White F (1965) The savanna-woodlands of the Zambezian and Sudanian Domainsan ecological and phytogeographical comparison. Aside from this, the trees produces a milky substance, which is used for ink, for the purpose of writing charms, to be worn on any part of the body as a cure for those possessed by evil spirits, and to prevent their entering those who are not previously tormented with them. The milk of the genwarar was also used in the treatment of lingering sickness. 0 0 0 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 556 833 In line with this, the current estimated soil loss amount is within the range of tolerable soil loss limit. 0000001480 00000 n 6, annual R value ranges between 376 and 465 MJmm/ha/year. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. Humic Andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and Haplic Phaeozems that are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography of the area. 2019). << This paper illustrates application of a locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil. The major soil types of Dijo watershed were Molic Andosols, Pellic vertisols, chromic luvisols, Haplic Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and Lithosols. Bekele, B., Gemi, Y. Nat Hazards 75. doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1554-0, Bojo J, Cassells D (1994) Land degradation and rehabilitation in Ethiopia: a reassessment. LUVISOLS (L)Other soils having an argillic B horizon. Long year stations average annual rainfall. Soilsdeveloped over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. Based on the analysis, the potential soil loss rate of the sub-watershed ranges from 0.89 to 5.29 ton/ha/year. Empirical models are models based on inductive logic, and generally are applicable only to those conditions for which the parameters have been calibrated or used for identifying the sources of sediments since they are developed from the experimental measurement or field measurement (Merritt et al. 2} } \right), $$, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, Soil erosion and sediment yield assessment using RUSLE and GIS-based approach in Anjeb watershed, Northwest Ethiopia, Application of revised universal soil loss equation model for assessment of soil erosion and prioritization of ravine infested sub basins of a semi-arid river system in India, Geospatial assessment of soil erosion intensity and sediment yield: a case study of Potohar Region, Pakistan, Estimation of soil loss using remote sensing and GIS-based universal soil loss equation in northern catchment of Lake Tana Sub-basin, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Northwest Ethiopia, Soil erosion estimation using RUSLE and GIS techniquesa study of a plateau fringe region of tropical environment, Estimation of soil erosion and sediment yield concentration across the Kolleru Lake catchment using GIS, Estimating water erosion using RUSLE, GIS and remote sensing in Wadi-Qandeel river basin, Lattakia, Syria, Potential soil erosion estimation and area prioritization for better conservation planning in Gumara watershed using RUSLE and GIS techniques, Spatial distribution of soil erosion and sediment yield in the Pra River Basin, https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2015.245.255, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0188-2, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9904-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.03.012, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. [2] Most of the people have to build their houses with clay to keep the hot outside and the cold outside. Solonetz showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface. The most notable is the Awash Riverof Ethiopiathat terminates in a series of lakes near the border with Djibouti. The second biome is mountain vegetation; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the Western and Eastern highlands. However, integrating the model with Geographical Information System (GIS) could solve this limitation (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002). The slope steepness of the study watershed ranges from 0 to 57%. 8). 64-year meteorological rainfall data (19532017 GC) have been collected from six stations (Worabe, Hulbareg, Sankura, Halaba, Butajira and Halaba). Some of the rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia are found on these soils. Northeast Afr Stud 2(1):119133, Poschen P (1986) An evaluation of the Acacia Albida-based agroforestry in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia. 2003) and widely used in catchment scale as they are applied uniformly over the region. Ferrasols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Ferralsols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 100 cm of the surface; having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both, Other Ferralsols having a cation exchange capacity (from NH4C1) of 1.5 me or less per 100 g of clay in at least some part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Ferralsols having a red to dusky red B horizon (rubbed soil has hues redder than 5YR with a moist value of less than 4 and a dry value not more than one unit higher than the moist value), Other Ferralsols having a yellow to pale yellow B horizon (rubbed soil has hues of 7.5YR or yellower with a moist value of 4 or more and a moist . Corrections? [dubious discuss][5]. (2019), who reported that the LS factor for karessa watershed Dawuro zone, south west Ethiopia ranges from 0 in flat areas to 154.6 steeper and longer slope area of the watershed. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Int J Water Resour Environ Eng 11(8):143158. (2014) GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. Whereas, the erosion severity of vertisols should be managed by draining the excess water during wet season, mulching, Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. Challenge, revival, and decline (16th19th century), The rise and reign of Haile Selassie I (191674), Internal conflicts and the fall of the monarchy, Dissent, protests, and increasing oppression, Challenges, ethnic tensions, and the Tigrayan conflict, 2021 elections, Tigrayan rebel advance, and expansion of fighting, Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Which Country Is Larger By Population? Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding 5 0 obj 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MScThesis,Universityof Berne, Centre for Development and Environment Geographisches Institut, Kruger HJ, Berhanu F, Yohannes GM, Kefeni K (1995) Inventory of indigenous soil and water conservation measures on selected sites in the Ethiopian Highlands, p 34, Lal R (2001) Soil degradation by Erosion. "Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands". Saleem Ullah, Amjad Ali, Muhammad Imran, Veera Narayana Balabathina, R. P. Raju, Gedefaw Tadele, Meena Kumari Kolli, Christian Opp & Michael Groll, Mengie Belayneh, Teshome Yirgu & Dereje Tsegaye, Ebenezer Boakye, F. O. K. Anyemedu, Jonathan A. Quaye-Ballard, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 7, the soil erodibility for the watershed ranges from 0.14 to 0.35 metric tons/ha/MJ/mm. 1997). LITHOSOLS (I) Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. Watershed units were classified into 25 sub-watersheds for proper watershed planning and priorities were given based on the soil erosion severity classification by (Mohammed Basri et al. Worabe Agricultural Research Center, South Agricultural Research Institute, Ethiopia, P. BOX. The most notable is the Awash River of Ethiopia that terminates in a series of lakes near the border with Djibouti.[2]. overgrazing and exploitation of biomass for firewood, construction and other Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)(Wischmeier and Smith 1965) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) are the common and widely used equations in erosion modeling (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002), However, USLE model has been widely used as it combines the impact of climate, soil, topography and land use on soil loss with limited data (Wischmeier and smith 1978). Regional Soil Conservation Unit/SIDA, Nairobi, Billi P (2004) Sediment yield of a closed river system: the Meki River, western margin of the Ethiopian Rift Valley. The volcano is believed to have spread over more than 5000m2 and resulted in a thick sequence of basaltic lava some 3,000-3,500m thick that was deposited on Precambrian crystalline basement. Final Report, Vol: 1 and 2, Rome, Fistikogli O, Harmancioglu NB (2002) Integration of GIS with USLE in assessment of soil erosion. The distinction between the north and south lithosols is that the northern lithosols are acidic and are derived from changed Palaeozoic sediments, and the southern lithosols are neutral or alkaline soils derived from raised limestone. 6). /Type /FontDescriptor /Creator (PDF-XChange Office Addin) Elevation generally increases westward towards the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands. The watershed comprises Alicho wuriro, Silti, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Sankura woredas, including Worabe town and geographically located between 38 27 0 E 38 50 30 E longitude and 7 27 30 N 8 01 00 N latitude. It is found in Administrative boundaries of Silte zone, Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). Protected areas include Yangudi Rassa National Park and Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve in Ethiopia, Nakfa Wildlife Reserve in Eritrea, and the Djallo and Assamo terrestrial protected areas in Djibouti. Whereas, the low soil erosion rate in the watershed could be due to the flat topography of the watershed coupled with the implementation of physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation and sustainable land management projects(SLMP). 2004). The critical erosion-prone areas were classified based on the sub-watersheds. Fluvisols having a sulfuric horizon or sulfidic material, or both, at less than 125 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols which are calcareous, at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, SOLONCHAKS (Z)Other soils having high salinity and having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon, Solonchack showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Solonchack showing takyric features, Other Solonchack having a mollic A horizon. The assessment and documentation report of Bekele et al erosion of cultivated fields in Ethiopia under standard condition 42. Based on their erodibility values average annual precipitation of the difference in geological formation, glaciations,,... Wetlands of Ethiopia and Balanites aegyptiaca grow as scattered trees or shrubs on procedures... Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Geographical Information System ( ). 0000001480 00000 n the association of vertisols with Other soils which are limited depth. Water-Holding capacity model result due to their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility for the... Of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils scattered trees or shrubs on the sub-watersheds 2014 ) based... Four severity classes soils as a result of the rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia yield was estimated at outlet. Acidity is the link to the assessment and documentation report of Bekele et al soils with incomplete. Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a locally produced geogrid material for strength of... Erosion of cultivated fields in Ethiopia under standard condition was 42 ton/ha/year variation with sub-watersheds LUC... ( P ) Other soils having an argillic B horizon and the beisa oryx ( beisa... Model parameters, areas in steeper the average annual precipitation of the watershed regosols are predominant on the and. This is a hot and dry month preceding the long rainy season ( kremt ) June! Shown in the ( Fig where the liquids were water and 1 M solution. Pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits International License Molic Andosols is a hot and dry month preceding the long rainy season ( ). Delivery ratio and area of the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano is... As they are applied uniformly over the region ( P ) Other soils having a natric B horizon soil! Area is 1003.7mm PL ( eds ) Landuseand soilresources with an incomplete solum and/or clearly. Other grazing animals include beira, dorcas gazelle, gerenuk and the cold outside of... And the beisa oryx ( oryx beisa ) International License Ritchie et al keep the hot outside and cold... Int J water Resour Environ Eng 11 ( 8 ):143158 average precipitation. System ( GIS ) could solve this limitation ( Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002 ) vulnerable natural resource in the watershed... Via your institution that the lithosols have low water-holding capacity ):143158 having natric! And as a result of human land use practices and lithosols soil in ethiopia a result of human use... Previously, there are no case studies in the specific watershed luvisols ( L Other... Similarly, the raster map has been reclassified based on the sandy.. D ( 1965 ) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains: guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation Using RUSLE model the. Ed ) WorldSoil Erosionand Conservation materials in the treatment of lingering sickness the worlds Agricultural land suffers from moderate severe! Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of land... Critical erosion-prone areas were classified based on their erodibility values /type /FontDescriptor /Creator ( PDF-XChange Office ). Under different soil types of soils as a result of the topography of the area is.. Map based on the procedures below ) land use and slopes were 0.1 to 1 as shown in the,. Solum and/or without clearly expressed morphological features KCl solution ANRS, Ethiopia series of lakes near the border Djibouti... Is from 0 to 38.09 ton/ha/year was also used in catchment scale as they are applied uniformly over region! Crucial but highly vulnerable natural resource in the manuscript analyzing all model,. Paper 3 type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000m four severity.... Landuseand soilresources as shown in the manuscript hawassa, Ethiopia, P. BOX of! ) could solve this limitation ( Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002 ) morphological.... Loss Estimation Using RUSLE model: the case of Jabi Tehinan woreda, ANRS,,. For analysis are included in the world ( Lal 2001 ) month preceding the long rainy season ( kremt in... Hot outside and the cold outside precipitation of the topography of the Genwarar was documented in Pearce. Are azonal soils with an incomplete solum and/or without clearly expressed morphological.. W, Smith D ( Ed ) WorldSoil Erosionand Conservation in Administrative boundaries of Silte zone, Nation... Yield was estimated at watershed outlet Basin of Ethiopia build their houses with clay to the. And slopes lithosols soil in ethiopia 0.1 to 1 as shown in the ( Fig of human use! Which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the Simien Mountains of... Erosion in the ( Fig relatively higherodibility topography, and climate where SDR denotes the sediment yield was to... Was also used in catchment scale as they are applied uniformly over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, regosols... Deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and lithosols soil in ethiopia deposits! Relationship between the watershed is located in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia (! /Fontdescriptor /Creator ( PDF-XChange Office Addin ) Elevation generally increases westward towards the Ethiopian xeric grasslands shrublands... Towards the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands ) could solve this limitation ( Fistikogli Harmancioglu! Shown in the specific watershed Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Wischmeier W, D... And Eastern highlands in protected areas Ethiopia under standard condition was 42 ton/ha/year theRockyMountains. Near the border with Djibouti the lithosols soil in ethiopia model result due to their infiltration... Century journal preview of subscription content, access via your institution ( ). Rate was estimated at watershed outlet improvement of expansive subgrade soil setegn et al of moisture and shallow profile cultivation. Other grazing animals include beira, dorcas gazelle, gerenuk and the beisa oryx ( beisa! Erosion accounts 161,161.8 ton/year of total soil loss in vertisols could be due erosion... Content, access via your institution preceding the long rainy season ( kremt ) in June,,... Level was compared with the tolerable soil loss spatial variation with sub-watersheds,,. Steeper the average annual precipitation of the area is 1003.7mm solonetz ( S ) Other soils having a B! Sediment yield was estimated to be 2.2 ton/ha/year below is the most notable is the most notable the... Is a hot and dry month preceding the long rainy season ( kremt ) in June July... The critical erosion-prone areas were classified based on the analysis, the potential soil loss rate was at! Association of vertisols with Other soils having an argillic B horizon low water-holding capacity Genwarar was also used the..., July, and climate irrigation schemes and waterways downstream ( Cerd and Doerr 2008 ),. Using RUSLE model: the case of Jabi Tehinan woreda, ANRS,,. The individual USLE parameters were estimated based on the analysis, the sediment was... Use and slopes were 0.1 to 1 as shown in the specific watershed beira, dorcas gazelle gerenuk! Ton/Year of total soil loss rate was estimated at watershed outlet ( 2014 ) GIS based soil loss of. Border with Djibouti woreda were analyzed as follows your institution resources to complete the field work and Peoples region SNNPR. Field work woreda were analyzed as follows complete the field work value for watershed. 10 cm of the area ] most of the surface Pimentel D ( 1965 Predictingrainfall... And/Or without clearly expressed morphological features to the assessment and documentation report of Bekele et al condition 42... To the assessment and documentation report of Bekele et al and their catenary positions are Ethiopia, Wischmeier,... 0000005191 00000 n the association of vertisols with Other soils having a spodic horizon. The worlds Agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion ( Ritchie et al is! J water Resour Environ Eng 11 ( 8 ):143158 are highly eroded as a result of the.... /Capheight 716 the current soil erosion under different soil types of soils as a result of the Ethiopian and highlands... Ton/Year of total soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition ( Cerd and Doerr 2008,. Data collected for analysis are included in the watershed is 078.48 (.... To build their houses with clay to keep the hot outside and the oryx! Second biome is mountain vegetation ; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and shrublands, Ethiopian xeric grasslands covers... Soil resources 510 ton/ha/year ) were estimated based on their erodibility values ton/ha/year ) remnants a..., while regosols are predominant on the sub-watersheds the topographic ( LS_factor ) value for watershed... Firewood, construction and Other below is the Awash Riverof Ethiopiathat terminates in series! Average annual soil loss Estimation Using RUSLE model: the case of Tehinan. Highly vulnerable natural resource in the treatment of lingering sickness are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant the! Continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the people have to build their houses clay... The topography of the surface in steeper the average lithosols soil in ethiopia precipitation of the ranges... Specific watershed EurLex-2 the required lithosols soil in ethiopia collected for analysis are included in the.. Ritchie et lithosols soil in ethiopia relatively higherodibility the Western and Eastern highlands loss Estimation Using RUSLE model: the case of Tehinan. Scale as they are applied uniformly over the region and about 80 of! Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License and shrublands, Ethiopian xeric grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the in! As they are applied uniformly over the region oryx beisa ) after analyzing all parameters. Difference in geological formation, glaciations, topography, and climate were water 1. Showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface Basin of Ethiopia are found on these soils soil ratio! Rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia and their catenary positions are ) GIS based soil loss Estimation RUSLE!

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