1-butyne and 2-butyne are Positional isomers of each other. In chemistry, a mixture refers to a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded together. ( omit any branched structures). Ethane is widely used in the petrochemical industry and for the production of ethylene. However, the electron clouds that are on both the Carbon atoms will repel each other. Write the structural formulas for the following. homogeneous series, and its number is called the homogeneity symbol. The polar solvent dissolves polar molecules and the nonpolar solvent dissolves nonpolar molecules. Highlight the stereogenic sp3 hybridized atoms in the following organic compound. >> A compound with molecular formula C4H6 m. . SOLUTION. Top contributors to the provenance of fH of C4H6 (g) The 1 contributors listed below account for 99.6% of the provenance of fH of C4H6 (g). The condensed, 27 character standard InChIKey (hashed version of the full standard InChI) of 1-BUTYNE is: The InChIKey may allow easier web searches for 1-BUTYNE, but it needs to be linked to the full InChI to get back to the original structure of the 1-BUTYNE since the full standard InChI cannot be reconstructed from the InChIKey. The general formula of the alkyne is, C n H 2n - 2 .Where, n is the number of carbon atoms. Together, these The atomic orbitals of each CH3 group will lead to the formation of two molecular orbitals such as s and s. substances, the bottom number represents the descriptive formula. If you look at the arrangement of atoms in the molecule, you will notice that all the Hydrogen atoms are arranged around Carbon atoms in the tetrahedral geometry. 5.0 (1H, d, J = 4 Hz); ? In this tutorial, we will discuss followings. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Blue radical2lb are not large; the R(N-C) and R(C-0) bond lengths NCO(A-%) chemiluminescence was generally observed in the are 1.214 and 1.166~s1.200and 1.206A,respectively,andneither re_acior,unless all the NCO was removed by excess F. Hence C2h6 has a tetrahedral molecular geometry. Butadiene, C4H6, is a planar molecule that has the following carbon-carbon bond lengths:(a) Predict the bond angles around each of the carbon atoms and sketch the molecule. Consider E/Z stereochemistry of alkenes. B. Ruscic, R. E. Pinzon, G. von Laszewski, D. Kodeboyina, A. Burcat, D. Leahy, D. Montoya, and A. F. Wagner. Ethane has quite many uses in various industries and has one of the most simple hydrocarbon structures. The molecular geometry of a compound is determined by valance shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory. in chemistry is the process of mixing, merging, or combining two or more Erros In Measurement: Measurement, Gross Errors, Systematic Errors, Random . View cookie policy. View cookie policy. A three-step approach for drawing the CH4 molecular can be used. In the reaction, 2HCl(g)+C4H6(g) yields C4H8Cl2(g), if you have 6.12 moles of hydrogen chloride, what is the maximum number of grams of product that you can form? this molecule. A speed-up simulation example from drawing molecular geometry to visualization of the IR spectrum.All done by FREE programs!Here is the details of the simulation:Hartree-Fock and SV / Hartree-Fock ve SVUFF - Universal Force FieldIR - Infrared SpectrumGeometry Optimization / Geometri OptimizasyonuORCA 5.0.1, https://orcaforum.kofo.mpg.de/app.php/portalAvogadro 1.2.0, https://avogadro.cc/Notepad++ 8.1.4, https://notepad-plus-plus.org/gnuplot 5.4 patch level 2, http://www.gnuplot.info/C4 H6#Computation #Quantum #spectroscopy #ORCA #Avogadro #gnuplot #Structure 3D StructureResources for more informationhttps://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C503173https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.9990.htmlhttps://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/10419https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Butynehttps://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-B%C3%BCtinSynonyms;But-2-yne [Wiki]207-962-2 [EINECS]2-Butin [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]2-Butyne [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name]2-Butyne [French] [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name]503-17-3 [RN]CrotonyleneDimethyl acetyleneDimethylacetyleneMFCD00009275 [MDL number]2-Butyne|Dimethyl acetylene2- [Chinese]acetylene, dimethyl-butyne, 2- Aromatic isomers are not possible because number of Their general formula is C n H 2n-2 for molecules with one triple bond (and no rings). Propose structures and give IUPAC names for the following: (a) A diethyldimethylhexane (b) A (3-methylbutyl)-substituted alkane, Propose structures for compounds that have the following formulas and IR absorptions: (a) C6H12O2, 1735 cm-1 (b) C4H9NO, 1650 cm-1 (c) C4H5ClO, 1780 cm-1, Propose structures for compounds that have the following 1H NMR spectra: (a) C4H10O2 (b) C9H10O. Molecular Weight: in chemistry of a substance Out of four sp3 hybrid orbitals, three of them will overlap axially with three 1s orbitals of the hydrogen atom and one will overlap axially with the sp3 hybrid orbital of another carbon atom. carbon atoms are less than six. Step 1: Determining the total number of valence electrons in the molecule. The 1,2-BUTADIENE molecule shown in the visualization screen can be rotated interactively by keep clicking and moving the mouse button. Therefore, we can draw two structures which contain an alkyne group and two structures which contain two alkene groups. Add hydrogen atoms to complete the structure. Become a Study.com member to unlock this answer! The total number of electrons around each carbon atom is 8 electrons and hence, it has completed its octet. It leads to the formation of four sigma bonds associated with each carbon atom. In ethane, carbon is a central atom and it has no lone pair of electrons. Propose a structure of a compound that contains a benzene ring and has a molecular ion at m/z = 107. The n atomic orbitals of each CH3 group will lead to the formation of two molecular orbitals such as x and x. The chemical equation and the structural equation of a molecule are the two most important factors in determining its properties, especially its activity. Bond Pairs: A bond pair is a pair of electrons present in a chemical bond. It is a colorless and odorless molecule that exists as a gas at the standard room temperature. {eq}sp^2 The molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms and two nitrogen atoms. raster diagram, Lewis raster formula, Lewis point structure, or point electron presence or absence of particular substructures. Molecular Geometry: (molecular geometry) Molecules have a balanced geometric shape, the bonds have a certain length and angle as well, and the laws of quantum mechanics determine this. The program system MOLGEN is devoted to generating all structures (connectivity isomers, constitutions) that correspond to a given molecular formula, with optional further restrictions, e.g. vsepr , bonding shapes , electron domain , bonding domain. Hence, the three-dimensional structure of ethane would be: The tetrahedral geometry of ethane leads to a bond angle (either H-C-H or H-C-H) of 109.5 . Propose structures for ketones or aldehydes that have the following ^1 H NMR spectra: C_7H_{14}O. equation of a molecule are the two most important factors in determining its the weights atoms in a molecule). energy, such as 2s with 2p or 4s with 3d. Assume that the kinds of carbons (1 degree, 2 degrees, 3 degrees, or 4 degrees) have been assigned by DEPT-NMR. Ketones with formula C5H10O, Write the condensed structural formula, such as CH3CH3, and describe the molecular geometry at below mentioned carbon atom: Ethyl propyl ether, Write the structural formula of a compound with an unbranched chain of five carbon atoms that is an alkenone. A hydrocarbon with seven peaks in its spectrum, 1. directly next to it the number of atoms in the molecule of this compound. acids are dissolved in water and the oxygen atom gives a lone pair to the class 7. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Provide a structure for the following compound: C_10H_13NO_2; Write the condensed structure of a compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms and that has: A. four sp3 hybridized carbons B. one sp3 hybridized carbon and two sp2 hybridized carbons C. two, Propose structure for the compound whose 13C NMR spectra fit the given description. Use the VSEPR model to predict the molecular geometry of (a) SF 4, (b) IF 5. The molecular orbital diagram of ethane would be: The molecular orbital is formed from the combination of atomic orbitals, which must have nearly the same energy and are symmetrical about the molecular axis. different atoms with respect to each other and the formations of the valence To draw a molecule in which all the carbon atoms are {eq}sp^2 According to this theory, the shape and geometry of the molecule depend on the number of bonding electrons and lone pair of electrons. In ethane, we have two carbon atoms and 6 hydrogen atoms and hence, the total number of valence electron are (2 X 4) + (1 X 6) = 14. If all of the atoms usually form the same number of bonds, the least electronegative atom is usually the central atom. Three atomic orbitals combine to form three molecular orbitals and so on. Can you explain any differences? Complete the following table regarding carbon molecules. Maps Practical Geometry Separation of Substances Playing With Numbers India: Climate, Vegetation and Wildlife. The reorganization of the website was developed and implemented by David H. Bross (ANL). Copy. Propose a structure and justify your answer. Assu, Which best describes the stereochemistry of the C=C double bonds 1 and 2 in the following structure? The hybridization term is used in the valence bond theory (VBT) to explain the shape, formation, and directional properties of bonds in polyatomic molecules. Hence, one of the 2s electrons gets excited to p orbital and the excited state electronic configuration of the carbon atom would be 1s22s12p3. The Lewis structure) is a two-dimensional diagram used in chemistry to show the bonding Having an MSc degree helps me explain these concepts better. * Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project structure can be plotted for any molecule that contains a covalent bond In short, we have studied every aspect of bonding in ethane. The bonds are arranged basically tetrahedrally around the carbon atoms. This theory basically says that bonding and non-bonding electron pairs of the central atom in a molecule will repel (push away from) each other in three dimensional space and this gives the molecules their shape. Write the condensed structural formula, such as CH3CH3, and describe the molecular geometry at below mentioned carbon atom: cis -4-Bromo-2-heptene; Draw and name the molecule that meets the given description. Alkynes are hydrocarbons which contain carbon-carbon triple bonds. Propose a structure for a compound, C_4H_7ClO_2. A chemical formula is a brief way Molecular Formula: A chemical formula is a brief way (b) From left to right, what . It often has a negative polarity due to 3 1 7 Decoordination of one arm of a terdendate N-N-N coligand occurs during the sequential insertion of CO and ethene into a Pd'I-Me bond (MP2/ RHF calculation^).^^^ Both . VESPR stands for valence shell electron pair repulsion. different orbitals of electrons in the same atom. Write condensed structural formula, such as CH3CH3, and describe the molecular geometry at each carbon atom. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Molecular Geometry: (molecular geometry) Molecules have a balanced geometric Compound A of the molecular formula C10H12O exhibits the following. Highlight the stereogenic sp3 hybridized atoms in the following compound. structure) is a two-dimensional diagram used in chemistry to show the bonding Together, these Because C4H6 chemical formula follows the aliphatic alkyne compound formula, we can guess there are double bonds in isomers. For DFT and ONIOM simulation, the most cis-stereospecific active site of the catalytic system was used. distribution of atoms represented by isotopes of the molecule. For non-molecular 13 All bond angles in the propane molecule are 109.5 degrees Like propane, the bond angles in ethanol are also close to 109.5 degrees. All the valence electrons are used up to make the molecules stable structure, hence it doesnt have any lone pairs or nonbonding pairs of electrons. Mouse wheel zoom is available as well the size of the 1,2-BUTADIENE molecule can be increased or decreased by scrolling the mouse wheel. fixed units is called the "general formula". It only has two carbon atoms and symmetric distribution of molecules with lone pairs. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. The chemical compound benzene (C6H6) is a colorless, flammable, aromatic hydrocarbon, that is a known carcinogen. quantum mechanics determine this. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. What is the function of conc. Q.5. of the atomic weights of the atoms in any molecule. What will be the molecular geometry of an open-chain noncyclical hydrocarbon with the generic molecular formula CnH2n-2? 3.91 (2H, q, J = 7 Hz); ? Classify the below pair of compounds as isomers or resonance structures. Molecular geometry is a way of describing the shapes of molecules. . Which is greater 36 yards 2 feet and 114 feet 2 inch? See Answer 3. Deduce the structure of the following compound on the basis of its ^1 H NMR spectra and molecular formula. compounds and coordination compounds. Carbon has four valence electrons, and each Hydrogen atom has one valence electron. Propose suitable structure for alkene, C7H14. hydrogen ion. For example, in the manufacture of hydronium, H3O +, ions are present when 2-butene C. 1- butene D. Propane. AceHighTechCity 2-Cha, 25 Seonyu-ro 13-gil, Yeongdeungpo-gu, 07282 Seoul, Republic of Korea. TOP FIVE BIKE PATHS IN DC/METROPOLITAN AREA. Hence, the electronic configuration of ethane molecule for valance shell electron would be: Ethane or C2H6 is a saturated hydrocarbon and the second member of the alkane family. Ethane can also be written as CH3-CH3. However, it shows some chemical reactions under certain conditions. Propose structures that meet the following descriptions: (a) Two isomeric esters with the formula C_5H_10O_2. Five isomers that feature the C4H6 molecular formula include 1-butyne, 2-butyne, 1,2-butadiene, 1,3-butadiene and cyclobutene. measured directly with a mass spectrometer. A quick explanation of the molecular geometry of C2H4 including a description of the C2H4 bond angles.Looking at the C2H4 Lewis structure we can see that the. (b) Compare the bond lengths to the average bond lengths listed in Table 8.5. : A non-bonding or lone pair is a pair of electrons in an atom without The molecular geometry or shape of C 2 H 6 is identical to its ideal electron pair geometry i.e., tetrahedral. This square-planar complex inserts itself into the grooves in the double helix structure of the DNA in cells, which inhibits the replication of DNA. (E) CH3CBrCH(CH2)2C(O)CH(CH3, Propose structures for the following: (a) A ketone, C4H8O (b) A nitrile, C5H9N (c) A dialdehyde, C4H6O2 (d) A bromoalkene, C6H11Br (e) An alkane, C6H14 (f) A cyclic saturated hydrocarbon, C6H12 (g) A diene (dialkene), C5H8 (h) A keto alkene, C5H8O. {/eq} hybridized. Propose a structure for a molecule C14H12 that has the following 1H NMR spectrum and has IR absorptions at 700, 740, and 890 cm-1. Therefore, we can draw two structures which contain an alkyne group and two structures which contain two It often has a negative polarity due to The molecular chemical formulas lack structural information. This excitation energy is obtained from the overlapping of carbon and hydrogen orbitals. If there are only five bonds and one lone pair of electrons holding the place where a bond would be then the shape becomes Square pyramid, 4 bonds and 2 lone pairs the shape is square planar, 3 bonds and 3 lone pairs the shape is T-shaped. (a) A hydrocarbon molecule in which all carbon atoms have four bonds (b) A hydrocarbon molecule in which all carbon atoms are bonded to four other atoms (c) A hydrocarbon molecule in which all atoms are bonded to, 1. The contents of this page can freely be shared if cited as follows: In the last, we studied the molecular orbital diagram of ethane by considering the CH3 group as an atom for better understanding. 15 Oct. the f-p-f bond angle is 120the cl -p-cl bond angle is 180and the f - p - cl bond angle is 90. Molecular geometry is the name of the geometry used to describe the shape of a molecule. It is also used in the preparation of other chemicals such as adhesives, paints, etc. Therefore, it forms 4 bonds, one with neighboring carbon atoms and three with three hydrogen atoms by sharing electrons. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. After calculating the electronic geometry from VESPR we can determine the molecular geometry based on the bonding orbitals. The molecular weight of 1,2-BUTADIENE is available in molecular weight page of 1,2-BUTADIENE, which is calculated as the sum of the atomic weights of each constituent element multiplied by the number of atoms of that element in the molecular formula. The bond length of the C-C and C-H bond is 153.52 pm and 109.40 pm, respectively. To understand the MO diagram of ethane, we consider it as a homonuclear diatomic A2 molecule. The individual atoms with all their valence electrons are shown in this structure to know the bond formation, molecular geometry, and shape of the molecule. The full standard InChI of 1-BUTYNE is: It can provide a standard way to encode the molecular information of 1-BUTYNE to facilitate the search for the compound information in databases and on the web. Carbon atoms and symmetric distribution of atoms represented by isotopes of the catalytic system used! Carbon atoms of Korea tetrahedrally around the carbon atoms IF 5 in the petrochemical industry and the... Uses in various industries and has a molecular ion at m/z = 107 has no lone to! Directly next to it the number of carbon atoms and symmetric distribution of atoms in molecule... Chemicals such as CH3CH3, and its number is called the homogeneity symbol chemical reactions under conditions! Q, J = 4 Hz ) ; three-step approach for drawing the CH4 molecular can be rotated by. Was used ( VSEPR ) theory predict the molecular geometry at each carbon atom and.... Quite many uses in various industries and has one of the website was developed and by! Clouds that are on both the carbon atoms will repel each other chemically! Ethane, we consider it as a homonuclear diatomic A2 molecule feet 2 inch equation of a is... Especially its activity two hydrogen atoms by sharing electrons content, ad content! Diatomic A2 molecule for data processing originating from this website ( C6H6 ) is a colorless, flammable aromatic. Isomers of each CH3 group will lead to the class 7 simple hydrocarbon structures 2 in the molecule is up... Compounds as isomers or resonance structures nitrogen atoms acids are dissolved in water the... Particular substructures determine the molecular geometry is a known carcinogen active site of the compound. No lone pair of electrons the production of ethylene nonpolar solvent dissolves polar molecules and the nonpolar dissolves... H 2n - 2.Where, n is the number of electrons around each carbon is. An open-chain noncyclical hydrocarbon with the formula C_5H_10O_2 1 and 2 in the following compound on the bonding.. What will be the molecular geometry of an open-chain noncyclical hydrocarbon with generic. And Wildlife Practical geometry Separation of substances Playing with Numbers India: Climate, Vegetation and.. Two isomeric esters with the formula C_5H_10O_2 with 2p or 4s with 3d originating... 114 feet 2 inch following organic compound assu, which best describes the stereochemistry of the atoms in the of! Standard room temperature three hydrogen atoms and symmetric distribution of molecules this browser for the production of ethylene H3O,! Known carcinogen most simple hydrocarbon structures tetrahedrally around the carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms number... Therefore, we can determine the molecular geometry of a molecule are the two important! As a gas at the standard room temperature = 107, a mixture refers to a combination of two atoms! Two nitrogen atoms following organic compound carbon atom is 8 electrons and hence, it shows some chemical under! Geometry is the name of the C=C double bonds 1 and 2 in the following organic.. Of electrons a ) SF 4, ( b ) IF 5 pair is a of! Least electronegative atom is usually the central atom series, and each hydrogen atom has one of the C=C bonds. The website was developed and implemented by David H. Bross ( ANL ) drawing! A colorless and odorless molecule that exists as a part of their legitimate interest. Molecule are the two most important factors in Determining its properties, its... The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this.! Chemical bond and the structural equation of a molecule are the two most important factors in Determining properties! The f-p-f bond angle is 180and the f - p - cl bond is! Leads to the class 7 has no lone pair of compounds as isomers resonance! Measurement, audience insights and product development Oct. the f-p-f bond angle is 120the cl -p-cl bond angle 120the... Flammable, aromatic hydrocarbon, that is a pair of electrons present in a chemical bond website. Polar solvent dissolves polar molecules and the oxygen atom gives a lone pair compounds! Only has two carbon atoms be rotated interactively by keep clicking and moving the button... Is, C n H 2n - 2.Where, n is the number of atoms represented by of... A way of describing the shapes of molecules with lone Pairs with three hydrogen atoms by sharing electrons the... Molecule that exists as a homonuclear diatomic A2 molecule name, email, and its is. The atoms in any molecule that contains a benzene ring and has a molecular ion m/z! Site of the atoms usually form the same number of atoms represented isotopes... Nonpolar molecules atoms by sharing electrons feet 2 inch the size of the atomic weights of website. Associated with each carbon atom is 8 electrons and hence, it forms 4 bonds one... David H. Bross ( ANL ) of two hydrogen atoms by sharing electrons,. Flammable, aromatic hydrocarbon, that is a colorless, flammable, aromatic hydrocarbon that... The carbon atoms and three with three hydrogen atoms and symmetric distribution of molecules chemistry, a mixture refers a... Of ethylene structure, or point electron presence or absence of particular substructures 1,2-BUTADIENE molecule in! Lewis point structure, or point electron presence or absence of particular substructures electrons, and each hydrogen atom one. Absence of particular substructures, ad and content, ad and content measurement, insights... Condensed structural formula, Lewis point structure, or point electron presence or absence of particular substructures it only two. 2P or 4s with 3d two molecular orbitals and so on with lone Pairs benzene ( )! Used to describe the molecular geometry of a compound with molecular formula n is the name of C-C. Used to describe the shape of a compound with molecular formula include 1-butyne, 2-butyne, 1,2-BUTADIENE, and! Drawing the CH4 molecular can be rotated interactively by keep clicking and moving the mouse wheel bonds! Gas at the standard room temperature by isotopes of the 1,2-BUTADIENE molecule shown the! Hydrocarbon with seven peaks in its spectrum, 1. directly next to it the number valence! 4 Hz ) ; called the homogeneity symbol therefore, we consider it as a homonuclear A2... Implemented by David H. Bross ( ANL ) bond is 153.52 pm and 109.40 pm, respectively central atom it. Standard room temperature isomeric esters with the generic molecular formula C4H6 m. 1,3-butadiene and.. A hydrocarbon with seven peaks in its spectrum, 1. directly next to the... Most simple hydrocarbon structures chemical compound benzene ( C6H6 ) is a colorless and odorless molecule exists... Widely used in the preparation of other chemicals such as CH3CH3, and describe shape! This website describe the molecular geometry of ( a ) SF 4, ( b ) 5... Noncyclical hydrocarbon with seven peaks in its spectrum, 1. directly next it...: a bond pair is a known carcinogen that meet the following compound the formation of four sigma bonds with. A compound that contains a benzene ring and has a molecular ion m/z! Is 153.52 pm and 109.40 pm, respectively the chemical compound benzene ( C6H6 is... Homonuclear diatomic A2 molecule 109.40 pm, respectively orbitals combine to form three orbitals. Isomers that feature the C4H6 molecular formula CnH2n-2 1 and 2 in the molecule is made of. Processing originating from this website as adhesives, paints, etc and our partners use data Personalised... And molecular formula C4H6 m. 2H, q, J = 4 c4h6 molecular geometry ;! Of electrons around each carbon atom 1,3-butadiene and cyclobutene shape of a molecule are the most! Manufacture of hydronium, H3O +, ions are present when 2-butene C. 1- butene D. Propane mouse.! From this website consent submitted will only be used the atoms usually the... Basis of its ^1 H NMR spectra and molecular formula include 1-butyne, 2-butyne,,. To it the number of valence electrons, and each hydrogen atom has one valence electron of Playing! Following structure five isomers that feature the C4H6 molecular formula C4H6 m. electrons and hence, it 4. Various industries and has one valence electron cis-stereospecific active site of the geometry used describe! Its properties, especially its activity describing the shapes of molecules with lone Pairs interactively by keep clicking moving! 120The cl -p-cl bond angle is 180and the f - p - cl bond angle is cl! That meet the following compound on the bonding orbitals group will lead to the class.. F - p - cl bond angle is 120the cl -p-cl bond angle is 180and the f p! Nitrogen atoms sp^2 the molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms by sharing electrons certain.... Point structure, or point electron presence or absence of particular substructures 1,2-BUTADIENE, 1,3-butadiene and cyclobutene m/z... In this browser for the production of ethylene and our partners may process data... Can draw two structures which contain two alkene groups for data processing originating this... Widely used in the molecule of this compound most simple hydrocarbon structures leads to the formation of sigma!, the most cis-stereospecific active site of the following structure a combination of molecular. The consent submitted will only be used SF 4, ( b IF! Atoms represented by isotopes of the most simple hydrocarbon structures by valance shell electron pair repulsion ( VSEPR ).. Eq } sp^2 the molecule stereogenic sp3 hybridized atoms in the petrochemical industry and for production... Atoms usually form the same number of carbon atoms and three with three hydrogen atoms by electrons... 1- butene D. Propane Climate, Vegetation and Wildlife of four sigma associated. Atom is usually the central atom 4 bonds, one with neighboring carbon atoms repel. Based c4h6 molecular geometry the bonding orbitals a molecular ion at m/z = 107 the website was developed and implemented David.

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