google_ad_width = 728; Julian Granberry has suggested that the Calusa language was related to the Tunica language of the lower Mississippi River Valley. Well-preserved nets, net floats, and hooks were found at Key Marco, in the territory of the neighboring Muspa tribe. However, no evidence of plant food was found at the Wightman site. By contrast, at an inland site, Platt Island, mammals (primarily deer) accounted for more than 60 percent of the energy from animal meat, while fish provided just under 20 percent. [17], The Calusa believed that three supernatural people ruled the world, that people had three souls, and that souls migrated to animals after death. The researchers used ground penetrating radar and LiDAR to locate and map the forts structures, which they then partially excavated. This lasted until about 1750, and included the historic Calusa people. The men of the Calusa are recorded to have been powerfully built, and let their hair grow long. The Calusa used wooden dugout canoes to aid them in fishing and for transport. 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Request Answer. The Calusa may have been the only ancient people in North America who established a kingdom without practicing agriculture. Tabby was later used by the English in their American colonies and in Southern plantations. After A.D. 1000, the Calusa began to grow in size and complexity, wielding their military might, trading widely and collecting tribute along those trade routes that extended for hundreds of miles. [Online]Available at: http://www.calusalandtrust.org/who_were_the_calusa/who_were_the_calusa.htm, Ripley, K., 2016. A dozen words for which translations were recorded and 50 or 60 place names form the entire known corpus of the language. The Horsemen of Oyo were legendary warriors who served the Oyo Empire of West Africa. The Calusa tribe lived along the Gulf Coat and inner waterways; their homes were built on stilts with roofs made from Palmetto leaves; these homes had no walls. It is believed that Calusa translated to mean "Fierce People". By the 1700s though, the Tequesta people had disappeared. In 1711, the Spanish helped evacuate 270 Indians, including many Calusa, from the Florida Keys to Cuba (where almost 200 soon died). Would you like to help support our organization's work with endangered American Indian languages? By about 500 BC, the Archaic culture, which had been fairly uniform across Florida, began to devolve into more distinct regional cultures. When combined with historical and archaeological documentation, Cushings finds from Key Marco teach us about the Calusa Indians around the time of contact. Re-entering the area in 1614, Spanish forces attacked the Calusa as part of a war between the Calusa and Spanish-allied tribes around Tampa Bay. There is evidence that the people intensively exploited Charlotte Harbor aquatic resources before 3500 BC. Calusa society developed from that of archaic peoples of the Everglades region. Rituals were believed to link the Calusa to their spirit world (Art by Merald Clark.) In several cases where the waterlogged objects dried and disintegrated into unrecognizable forms, the paintings and photographs provide the only surviving record (see Fig. Granberry has provided an inventory of phonemes to the sounds of the Calusa language.[22][21]. This use of marriages to secure alliances was demonstrated when Carlos offered his sister Antonia in marriage to the Spanish explorer Pedro Menndez de Avils in 1566. Darcie A. Macmahon and Dr. William H. Marquardt, an expert on the Calusa, have written a fascinating book that brings to life a group of people who disappeared from Florida in the 1700s. Did the Calusa farm? A variety of carving tools were also recovered. The Southeast is one of 10 culture areas that scholars use to study the Indigenous peoples of the United States and Canada. The most powerful ruler governed the physical world, the second most powerful ruled human governments, and the last helped in wars, choosing which side would win. Widmer cites George Murdock's estimate that only some 20 percent of the Calusa diet consisted of wild plants that they gathered. The archaeologists recovered seeds, wood, palm-fiber cordage that likely came from Calusa fishing nets and even fish scales from the waterlogged levels. This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 15:27. The Calusa artifacts discovered on Marco Island date from 300 AD to 1500 AD, prior to European contact in Florida. He had a council which may have included one or more head priests and one or two high-ranking individuals involved in political and religious decision-making. The Iliad can provide new insights on the role of motherhood among the ancient Greek gods, and by extension, amongst ancient mortal Greek women themselves. Artifacts related to fishing changed slowly over this period, with no obvious breaks in tradition that might indicate a replacement of the population. 4 . Our open community is dedicated to digging into the origins of our species on planet earth, and question wherever the discoveries might take us. Their gods were living all around them. Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de Len landed on the east coast of Florida and . They collected materials for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating and sediment samples for archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological analysis. Cultivated gourds were used as net floats, and sinkers and net weights were made from mollusk shells. In 1697 Franciscan missionaries established a mission to the Calusa but left after a few months.[27]. Native American tribes If a Calusa killed such an animal, the soul would migrate to a lesser animal and eventually be reduced to nothing.[18]. (1964). In 1513 Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de Leon sailed northwest from the island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) with a three-year royal contract to discover rich lands thought to lie in that direction. google_ad_height = 15; The Untersberg is a great mountain straddling the Austro-German border opposite Salzburg. The first recorded contact between the Calusa and Europeans was in 1513, when Juan Ponce de Len landed on the west coast of Florida in May, probably at the mouth of the Caloosahatchee River, after his earlier discovery of Florida in April. The Legend of the Calusa Many people believe that the Calusa made a trip to Cuba in their canoes and traded with the Mayans. However, they would suffer the same fate as many of the other Native American tribes. All his subjects had to obey his commands. Upon learning that the Spaniards did not intend to provide food, clothing, and other gifts, the Calusa rebelled, tenaciously holding to their own beliefs and practices. Little is known about Calusa religion. Philadelphia, PA 19104 According to these accounts, the Calusa had a head chief named Carlos who lived in Calos and received tribute from surrounding villages. Although many others survived the shipwreck, only Fontaneda was spared by the tribe in whose territory they landed. (*) denotes earlier century Calusa language records. The best information about the Calusa comes from the Memoir of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, one of these survivors. Uniquely, it was powered by fishing, not farming. The architectural remains of the kings house were relatively easy to find, but difficult to interpret at first, Marquardt said. When Pedro Menndez de Avils visited in 1566, the Calusa served only fish and oysters to the Spanish. Mound Key was thought to be the seat of the powerful Calusa kingdom, and recent archaeological research there has confirmed it was in fact the capital and also revealed the extent of ancient landscape alteration, monumental construction and engineering ingenuity that allowed the Calusas population to grow to an estimated 20,000 without reliance on agriculture. (Public Domain ). They had the highest population density of South Florida; estimates of total population at the time of European contact range from 10,000 to several times that, but these are speculative. The Calusa Native Americans. A reconstruction of a Calusa home and terraces, on display at the Florida Museum of Natural History. These Indians were so unfriendly that this was one of the first tribes that Spanish explorers wrote home about in 1513. However, archeological digs on Sanibel Island and Useppa Island have revealed evidence that the Calusa did in fact consume wild plants such as cabbage palm, prickly pear, hog plum, acorns, wild papaya, and chili peppers. The Calusas as Shell Indians The Calusas are considered to be the first "shell collectors." Shells were discarded into huge heaps. Florida Museum of Natural History Florida and Georgia archaeologists have discovered the location of Fort San Antn de Carlos, home of one of the first Jesuit missions in North America. The Tequesta (tuh-KES-tuh) were a small, peaceful, Native American tribe. It was not conserved and is in poor shape, but it is displayed at the nature center in Marathon. It's also rich with the history and culture of the Calusa Indians, the Native Americans who preceded us, even if their footprints are a bit blurry. The Tribes' sovereignty was once again recognized and funding was restored for education, housing and health programs. Since the soft limestone that surrounded them was unfitting for tool and weapon production, they decided to use shells, wood, fish teeth, and bone for tools. American Archaeology cover, featuring Florida Museum illustration by Merald Clark. On that trip, Juan and his mates are said to have been attacked by the Calusa Indians, a large and fearsome group of natives who made their living from the sea. Mound Key Archaeological State Park is a shell midden mound in the Estero Bay that is estimated to have been inhabited over 2,000 years ago. Florida Museum artifact photos by Jeff Gage. Circumstantial evidence, primarily from Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, suggests that all of the peoples of southern Florida and the Tampa Bay area, including the Tequesta, Mayaimi, and Tocobaga, as well as the Calusa, spoke dialects of a common language. Many Calusa are said to have been captured and sold as slaves. The Calusa people's diet consisted mainly of fish and shellfish from the Gulf of Mexico and its many waterways. . Hence, the Calusa are sometimes called the Shell People / Indians. They arrived in seven vessels and climbed to the peak of Mound Key, a 30-foot-high, human-made island of shells and sand, to greet the king. One of the most notable traditions of the Calusa was their use of shell mounds. The first Spanish explorers found that these Indians were not very friendly. The fishing nets they used to catch food were made from palm tree fibers. Calusa society developed from that of archaic peoples of the Everglades region. When Pedro Menndez de Avils visited the capital in 1566, he described the chief's house as large enough to hold 2,000 without crowding, indicating it also served as the council house. Although the Calusa came to an end, some remains of their achievements can still be seen today. This language was distinct from the languages of the Apalachee, Timucua, Mayaca, and Ais people in central and northern Florida. As for the southern region, my focus was on the Calusa Indians from the south-western Florida peninsula area. They left 1,700 behind. From the time of European contact until their ultimate demise from conflict and illness around 1770, the Calusa successfully resisted, albeit with considerable bloodshed, intermittent efforts by Spanish missionaries to convert them to Christianity. Soon 20 war canoes attacked the Spanish, who drove off the Calusa, killing or capturing several of them. The Spanish documented four cases of known succession to the position of paramount chief, recording most names in Spanish form. This change may have resulted from the people's migration from the interior to the coastal region, or may reflect trade and cultural influences. Marquardt notes that the Calusa turned down the offer of agricultural tools from the Spanish, saying that they had no need for them. The Spanish left less description on what the Calusa women wore. Fort San Anton de Carlos is the first example of the use of tabby in North America. One ritual was witnessed in which a large procession of masked men came down from a mound accompanied by hundreds of singing women (Goggin and Sturtevant 1964). The Spanish founded a mission on Biscayne Bay in 1743 to serve survivors from several tribes, including the Calusa, who had gathered there and in the Florida Keys. Radiocarbon dating of carbonized wood, a deer bone and a shell verified the forts mid-16th-century date. Carlos was succeeded by his cousin (and brother-in-law) Felipe, who was in turn succeeded by another cousin of Carlos, Pedro. Fish bones and scales recovered from one of the watercourts indicate the Calusa were capturing schooling species such as mullet, pinfish and herring. According to Spanish accounts, it was 1566 and, hoping to impress Caalus, who ruled what is now South Florida, Menendez had assembled 500 men, including some 200 soldiers, as well as trumpeters, drummers, fifes and even a gifted singing and dancing dwarf. According to the documents, the brushwood and lumber fort encompassed some 36 structures. Ivar the Boneless was likely the son of legendary Viking king Ragnar Lothbrok, and raided alongside his father and brothers, eventually becoming ruler of York in England in the 9th century AD. His status was reflected by his personal adornments, which included a golden headdress and beaded leg bands (Coggin and Sturtevant 1964). Their territory ranged from Tampa Bay south to the Ten Thousand Islands and as far east as Lake Okeechobee. Ivar the Boneless: Viking Warrior, Ruler and Raider, The Irish Story and Legend of C Chulainn, What is Shambhala? Be notified when an answer is posted. While the Calusa managed to survive that encounter, the 250 years that followed brought intermittent contact with other conquistadors, Christians missionaries, and in later years, English and French explorer-traders who vied for the territory, often with the help of native allies. 314 Palmetto Street, Jacksonville 32202. It's one of Florida's most popular destinations for its turquoise coast and laid-back vibe. The Calusa were a tribe of Native Americans known as the "Shell Indians" and some of the first Floridians. The Caloosahatchee Region". Perhaps a dancer wore the mask and carried the figurehead of the particular animal he was emulating (Cushing 1896). Calusa means "fierce people," and they were described as a fierce, war-like people. The Caloosahatchee culture inhabited the Florida west coast from Estero Bay to Charlotte Harbor and inland about halfway to Lake Okeechobee, approximately covering what are now Charlotte and Lee counties. [7], The Calusa diet at settlements along the coast and estuaries consisted primarily of fish, in particular pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides), pigfish (redmouth grunt), (Orthopristis chrysoptera) and hardhead catfish (Ariopsis felis). Each human had three souls, present in his shadow, his reflection in water and in the pupil of his eye. This was made with clay containing spicules from freshwater sponges (Spongilla), and it first appeared inland in sites around Lake Okeechobee. Cushings excavations brought to light at least 23 wooden masks and figureheads. The Calusa were a Native American tribe that inhabited the southwest coast of Florida. They fished and hunted for their food and would catch things like: mullet, catfish, eels, turtles, deer, conchs, clams, oysters, and crabs. Like the Calusa, the Tequesta were devastated by European diseases. Fish stored in the watercourts likely fed the workers who built the massive palace. The soul in the eye's pupil stayed with the body after death, and the Calusa would consult with that soul at the graveside. One of the causes of this was the raids conducted by rival tribes from Georgia and South Carolina. The Calusa had an established religion and practiced human sacrifice, and many temples were found built upon mounds. Although his primary interest is in the ancient civilizations of the Near East, he is also interested in other geographical regions, as well as other time periods. Read More. Gainesville: University of Florida Press: Florida Museum of Natural History, 1991. The Calusa persisted for another century in isolation, but eventually succumbed to slave raids by Creek Indians from the north and exposure to diseases they brought. The Calusa Domain. A Spanish expedition to ransom some captives held by the Calusa in 1680 was forced to turn back; neighboring tribes refused to guide the Spanish, for fear of retaliation by the Calusa. Honestly, we have explored a very small sample of Mound Key and other nearby island sites., ln the next couple of years, Thompson added, Id like to return to Mound Key to look more closely at the fort and its structures to really delve into Calusa-Spanish interactions.. Little was recorded of jewelry or other ornamentation among the Calusa. Field school students brush sand from a tabby wall that might be the outer wall of Fort San Antn de Carlos. It is based on the Creek and Mikasuki (languages of the present-day Seminole and Miccosukee nations) ethnonym for the people who had lived around the Caloosahatchee River (also from the Creek language). Historical documents indicate that by the mid-1700s, the dwindling Calusa population had fled to Cuba, or the Florida Keys. Fontaneda was shipwrecked on the east coast of Florida, likely in the Florida Keys, about 1550, when he was thirteen years old. They had a reputation from being a fierce, war-like people, especially among European explorers and smaller tribes. The Calusa men were tall and well built with long hair. The chief lived in the main village at the mouth of the Miami River. (Cushing was an anthropologist with the Bureau of American Ethnology, and was well known for his pioneering work at Zuni Pueblo.) Rogel also stated that the chief's name was Caalus, and that the Spanish had changed it to Carlos. What was the calusa Indians religion? The Calusa king initially allied himself with Menendez, hoping to gain an advantage over his rivals elsewhere in the Florida peninsula.. At first, there must have been an uneasy tolerance of one another, as the Spanish built their fort, Marquardt explained. [15], The Calusa wore little clothing. The Calusa king Caalus, perched high on his throne in his grand house, watched as Pedro Menendez de Aviles, the first governor of La Florida, arrived with his entourage. While there is no evidence that the Calusa had institutionalized slavery, studies show they would use captives for work or even sacrifice. Artist's conception of town chief at the Calusa town of Tampa (present day Pineland) (Art by Merald Clark.) [14], The Calusa lived in large, communal houses which were two stories high. Franciscan friar Fray Lopez, director of the unsuccessful 1697 mission attempt, described the Calusa temples as very tall and wide, with a mound in the middle and a structure on the mound enclosed with reed mats and containing benches around the walls. Their main waterway was the Calooshahatchee River, which means River of the Calusa. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. Known as the first shell collectors, the Calusa used shells as tools, utensils, building materials, vessels for domestic and ceremonial use and for personal adornment. After Spain ceded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1763, the remaining tribes of South Florida were relocated to Cuba by the Spanish, completing their removal from the region. People began creating fired pottery in Florida by 2000 BC.[3]. Ancient Origins 2013 - 2023Disclaimer- Terms of Publication - Privacy Policy & Cookies - Advertising Policy -Submissions - We Give Back - Contact us. Calusa beliefs included a trinity of governing spirits. They recovered various types of Spanish artifacts such as majolica ceramics, hand-wrought nails and spikes, a bale seal and olive jar sherds, as well as native artifacts. The National Geographic has reported that archaeologists have discovered an ancient Native American kings house in Florida. The Calusa Indians, who live in southwest Florida, are weakened by epidemics. Different tribes had different names for the sport including . The Shell People. Different tribes and regions had their own games and traditions. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The Iroquois, on the other hand, placed the shaman at the head of all things spiritual. As noted in an early 1566 acecount, Pedro Menendez de Aviles, a Jesuit missionary in charge of an early and unsuccessful attempt to convert the tribe to Christianity, was welcomed by the principal leader of the Callus with a large meal consisting only of many kinds of boiled, roasted, and raw fish (Goggin and Sturtevant 1964). Around 1983, Donald found remains (ancient pottery and burial mounds) of Calusa Indians on some of his property, Josslyn Island. Additionally, they had (as their name suggests) a fierce, war-like reputation. 2). ARTIFACTS & OBJECTS Racoon tail Fish bladder ear decorations Body tattoos Wood spear with bone tip Shell bead necklace Shell pendant Shell bead bracelet Bald Eagle It seems clear that while the Spaniards wanted strategic control of the region, the Calusa territory provided them with little economic incentive for serious pursuit; they and other Europeans explored more promising regions to the north. /* 728x15 link ad */ They began preliminary investigations of the fort, which was located on Mound 2 and housed one of the first Jesuit missions established in the U.S. By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, examines sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings. South Florida Archaeology and Ethnography, South Florida Archaeology & Ethnography Collection. The Calusa made bone and shell gauges that they used in net weaving. Expedition Magazine. It is recorded that in that year, the Calusa chief formed an alliance with the Spanish governor, Menndez de Avils. Before the arrival of Europeans in the Americas, Indigenous peoples who lived in the same region developed similar cultural traits based on their shared natural environment. Slaves occupy the lowest level in Calusa society. Seeing the work of the Calusa in these materials first-hand were really exciting moments for us.. Their language was never recorded. Ravaged by new infectious diseases introduced to the Americas by European contact and by the slaving raids, the surviving Calusa retreated south and east. The Calusa used the canals to travel by canoe from their villages and ceremonial centers to coastal trading posts. Mudlarker Finds Bronze Age Shoe on a UK Riverbank Dated 2,800 Years Old! Despite the social complexity and political might that the Calusa attained, they are said to have eventually went extinct around the end of the 18 th century. There were engineers. Marquardt quotes a statement from the 1570s that "the Bay of Carlos in the Indian language is called Escampaba, for the cacique of this town, who afterward called himself Carlos in devotion to the Emperor" (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor). google_ad_slot = "7815442998"; The Carnac stones are an exceptionally dense collection of megalithic sites around the French village of Carnac, in Brittany, consisting of more than 3,000 prehistoric standing stones and erected by the pre-Celtic people of Brittany. Marquardt and Victor Thompson of the University of Georgia are co-directing research at Mound Key, which has a complex arrangement of shell midden mounds, canals, watercourts and other features. Indeed, given the results of recent research, they are now considered one of the most politically complex groups of non-agriculturalists in the ancient world. At Mound Key, the Spaniards used primitive tabby as a mortar to stabilize the posts in the walls of their wooden structures. The drove back multiple conquistadors and had control of nearby tribes. The women were responsible for work around the house, like cooking and raising the children. For me, the work has been absolutely fantastic and since we began it has been one discovery after another, said Thompson. The rich and relatively stable coastal ecology of southwest Florida provided an abundance of marine lifenumerous kinds of fish, shellfish, and sea mammalsthat was capable of supporting a large human population. Ancient Chinese Earthquake Detector Invented 2,000 Years Ago Really Worked! It is clear the Calusa possessed an extraordinary understanding of and sensitivity to their natural environment. The process of shaping the boat was achieved by burning the middle and subsequently chopping and removing the charred center, using robust shell tools. The Calusa are said to have been a socially complex and politically powerful tribe, and most of southern Florida was controlled by them. Certain ceremonies were performed to seal the alliance (and perhaps also as a display of the might of the Calusa), and was witnessed by over 4000 people. Image by Pat Payne for American Archaeology. The Spanish A research project has finally solved an archaeological mystery in America . What language did the Calusa speak? But the Spanish not only refused to fight Caalus rivals, they also wanted to convert his people to Catholicism, which eventually led to conflict between the Spanish and the Calusa. The Calusa also used spears, hooks, and throat gorges to catch fish. [Online]Available at: http://www.funandsun.com/1tocf/inf/nativepeoples/calusa.html, www.sanibelhistory.org, 2016. THE CALUSA INDIANS OF SOUTHWEST FLORIDA. //-->. He was aware, however, of the magnitude of his findings: the remains of a highly organized maritime society whose members performed elaborate rituals and whose artists possessed remarkable abilities in wood carving. After death only the last one remained with the body to be buried with it. In a report from 1697, the Spanish noted 16 houses in the Calusa capital of Calos, which had 1,000 residents. These massive, rectangular structures built of shell and sediment enclose large areas on both sides of the mouth of Mound Keys great canal, a marine highway nearly 2,000 feet long and about 100 feet wide that bisects the island. Favored sites were likely occupied for multiple generations. Instead, they fished for food on the coast, bays, rivers, and waterways. During the Calusa's reign the Florida coastline extended roughly 60 miles further into the Gulf of Mexico. They believed in three superior beings, one controlled the weather, the others ruled the welfare of the tribe and warfare. Tabby, also called tabbi or tapia, is made by burning shells to create lime, which is then mixed with sand, ash, water and broken shells. They are a tribe. Montauk Indigenous people of the Everglades region, "Fish Hooks, Gorges, and Leister - Natural & Cultural Collections of South Florida (U.S. National Park Service)", Evidence for a Calusa-Tunica Relationship, Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calusa&oldid=1140745100, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Language articles with unreferenced extinction date, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Bullen, Adelaide K. (1965). "The Calusa: A Stratified, Nonagricultural Society (With Notes on Sibling Marriage)." It was during this time that the team located the Spanish fort Fort San Antn de Carlos, named for the Catholic patron saint of lost things that historic documents said was built near Caalus house in 1566. Understanding the Mysterious Kingdom of Shambhala, Dont Cross the Kobolds: Mischievous Spirits of European Folklore, The Curious Apparitions of Pagan Goddesses to the German Knights Templar, The Truth Behind the Christ Myth: Ancient Origins of the Often Used Legend Part I, The Gristhorpe Man: A Bronze Age Skeleton with a Story to Tell, The Origins of Human Language: One of the Hardest Problems in Science, Translation of 5,500-Year-Old Babel Text from China Reveals Oldest Known Map of Inner Solar System, A Blazing Weapon: Unraveling the Mystery of Greek Fire. Cord was also made from cabbage palm leaves, saw palmetto trunks, Spanish moss, false sisal (Agave decipiens) and the bark of cypress and willow trees. At least three of the animal figureheads were found in close association with wooden humanlike masks which Cushing understood to represent the human form of that animal.

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